Kidney urinary system

These dragp are used with caution in patients with tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, hypotension, those with a tendency toward urinary retention, those with decreased liver or kidney function, and those with obstructive disease of the urinary system or gastrointestinal tract. The anticholinergic drugp are given with caution to the older adult. 

This chapter discusses drug s used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs) and certain miscellaneous drag > used to relieve the symptoms associated with an overactive bladder (involuntary contractions of the detrusor or bladder muscle). Structures of the urinary system that may be affected include the bladder (cystitis), prostate gland (prostatitis), the kidney, or the urethra (see Pig. 47-1). These drug s also help control the discomfort associated with irritation of the lower urinary tract mucosa caused by infection, trauma, surgery, and endoscopic procedures. 

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection caused by pathogenic microorganisms of one or more structures of the urinary tract. The most common structure affected is the bladder, with the urethra, prostate, and kidney also affected (see Pig. 47-1). Display 47-1 identifies the disorder most frequently associated with each of these structures within the urinary system. Clinical manifestations of a UTI of the bladder (cystitis) include urgency, frequency, burning and pain on urination, and pain caused by spasm in the region of the bladder and the suprapubic area. 

Nephrolithiasis A condition marked by the presence of renal calculi (stones) in the kidney or urinary system. 

Diuretic. Elder enhances kidney activity and helps to clear heat or infection through the urinary system. Parts used flowers, berries, inner bark, leaves. 

The kidneys - a pair of organs in the lower back region, just below the ribs - are part of the urinary system, the main function of which... 

Urinary system-. Groups of 20 male Fischer 344 rats were given 0.05%7V-ethyl-jV-hydroxyethylnitrosamine (EHEN) for two weeks in the diet followed by di(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate [purity unspecified] at a concentration of 0 or 1.2% in the diet for 24 weeks. Rats were killed at 27 weeks. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate increased the numbers of rats with renal (tubular) cell tumours (EHEN + di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 65% versus 20% for EHEN alone p < 0.01) and the mean number of tumours per kidney (EHEN + di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 1.1 versus EHEN alone 0.2,< 0.01) (Kurokawa etal., 1988). 

Urinary system kidney, bladder, and connecting tubes. 

Gene cassettes can be delivered into the kidney through a retrograde approach via the lower urinary tract. This is a good approach if tubular cells are the only cell types that need to be transduced and is clinically applicable given the relatively less invasive access to the lower urinary system by cystoscopy. 

The closely related Japanese star anise, I. anisatum, is highly toxic. It contains a poisonous sesquiterpene lactone, called ani-satin, and also shikimin and sikimitoxin, which causes severe inflammation of the kidneys, urinary tract and digestive organs, as well as affecting the nervous system (Lederer et al., 2006). Other compounds present in this toxic species of Illicium are saffole and eugenol, which are not present in I. verum and are used to identify its adulteration. 

Extrabladder tumors are tumors of the urinary system, i.e., of kidney, pelvis and ureter, but not of the bladder. 

The urinary system removes excess water and nutrients and filters wastes from the circulatory system. Additionally, the urinaiy system aids in red blood cell formation and metabolizes vitamin D. The urinary system s organs include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. 

Rose B D 1991 Diuretics. Kidney International 39 336-352 Schott H C 1998 The urinary system. In Reed S M,... 

Initiation factors are factors or conditions that directly initiate kidney damage, and are modifiable by pharmacologic therapy. These factors include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, autoimmune diseases, polycystic kidney disease, systemic infections, urinary tract infections, urinary stones, lower urinary tract obstructions, and drug toxicity. Since diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and glomerular diseases are respectively the first, second, and third most common causes for CKD in the U.S., the following discussion focuses on these three conditions. 

Other non-neoplastic effects observed in the urinary system are inflammation and hyperplasia of the transitional epithelium of the kidney (rats) or bladder (rats and mice) following treatment with TBA [98]. These effects were observed in 13-week studies at 20 and 40 mg/ml in both sexes of both species. In the two-year studies with TBA, transitional cell hyperplasia was increased... 

Some dru used in the treatment of UTIs do not belong to the antibiotic or sulfonamide groups of dru. The dru discussed in this ch iter are anti-infectives (gainst infection) used in the treatment of UTIs, which have an effect on bacteria in the urinary tract. Although administered systemically, that is, by tlie oral or parenteral route, they do not achieve significant levels in tlie bloodstream and are of no value in tlie treatment of systemic infections. They are primarily excreted by the kidneys and exert their major antibacterial effects in tlie urine. (See Summary Drug Table Urinary Anti-infectives for a listing of tliese and other dru used to treat problems associated with the urinary system.)... 

Wojcikowski, K., H. Wohlmuth, D.W. Johnson, and G. Gobe. 2008. Dioscorea villosa (wild yam) induces chronic kidney injury via pro-fibrotic pathways. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46(9) 3122-3131. Wojcikowski, K., H. Wohlmuth, D.W. Johnson, M. Rolfe, and G. Gobe. 2009. An in vitro investigation of herbs traditionally used for kidney and urinary system disorders Potential therapeutic and toxic effects. Nephrology 14(l) 70-79. 

A variety of body fluids, such as urine, saliva, and blood, are common samples for disease diagnosis. For instance, high blood glucose level is related to diabetes. Moreover, high level of protein in urine is attributed to abnormal kidney function or urinary system inflammation. A simple device fabricated on silica gel by using hydrophobic marker pen can be used for... 

The reverse of alkalosis is a condition known as acidosis. This condition is often caused by a depletion of HCO ions from the blood, which can occur as a result of kidney dysfunction. The kidney controls the excretion of HCO j" ions. If there are too few HCO j" ions in solution, the forward reaction is favored and H3O+ ions accumulate, which lowers the blood s pH. Acidosis can also result from the body s inability to expel CO2, which can occur during pneumonia, emphysema, and other respiratory disorders. Perhaps the single most common cause of acidosis is uncontrolled diabetes, in which acids normally excreted in the urinary system are instead retained by the body. 

Urinary System kidney, bladder, and connecting tubes. Urologic pertaining to the urinary system. 

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