Kidney metabolism

Pharmacokinetics Moderately absorbed from the G1 tract. Absorption is increased if the drug is taken with food. Protein binding 99%. Widely distributed, primarily in the fatty tissue, liver, and kidneys. Metabolized in the liver to active metabolite. Primarily excreted in urine. Not removed by hemodialysis. Half-life 21 hr metabolite, 12 hr. 

Mechanism of Action An antibacterial UTI agent that inhibits the synthesis of bacterial DNA, RNA, proteins, and cell walls by altering or inactivating ribosomal proteins. Therapeutic Effect Bacteriostatic (bactericidal at high concentrations). Pharmacokinetics Microcrystalline form rapidly and completely absorbed macrocrystalline form more slowly absorbed. Food increases absorption. Protein binding 40%. Primarily concentrated in urine and kidneys. Metabolized in most body tissues. Primarily excreted in urine. Removed by hemodialysis. Half-life 20-60 min. 

Flecainide Sodium channel (INa) blockade Dissociates from channel with slow kinetics no change in action potential duration Supraventricular arrhythmias in patients with normal heart do not use in ischemic conditions (post-myocardial infarction) Oral hepatic, and kidney metabolism half life 20 h Toxicity Proarrhythmic... 

These drugs (e.g., cephaloridine) may be nephrotoxic causing proximal tubular necrosis. Cephaloridine is actively taken up from blood into proximal tubular cells by OAT 1. The drug therefore accumulates in the kidney. Metabolic activation via cytochrome P-450 may be involved. GSH is oxidized, and as NADPH is also depleted, the GSSG cannot be reduced back to GSH. As vitamin E-depleted animals are more susceptible, it has been suggested that lipid peroxidation may be involved. Damage to mitochondria also occurs. 

Tarako et al. (1991) evaluated oxygen supply and energy state in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Metabolic activities of the isolated perfused rat kidney were described by Nishiitsutsuji-Uwo et al. (1967). Cox et al. (1990) used the isolated perfused rat kidney as a tool in the investigation of renal handling and effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. 

Owen, O. E., Felig, P, Morgan, A. P, Wahren,and Cahill, G. F. (1969). Liver and kidney metabolism during prolonged starvation. /. Cfj n Invest. 48,574-563 Parrilla, R. (1978). Flux of metabolic fuels during starvation in the rat. PJIuegen Arch. 374, 3-7. 

Metabolism/elimination Rapidly cleared from plasma with an average re of 30-180 min. TheTOfe dose dependent and ronlinear (may be prolonged at higher dosed. Hepwin is partially metabolized liver hepari-nase and the reticuloendothelial system. Metabolized by the kidneys. Metabolized by hepatic microsomal enzymes and is excreted primarily in the urine as inactive metabolites,... 

Rabbits exposed via inhalation to hydrogen sulfide at 72 ppm ( 102mgm ) exhibited disturbed liver, brain, kidney metabolism, serum protein, enzyme and mineral changes, decreased myocardial enzymes, cardiac irregularities, and unconsciousness. Dermal exposure resulted in changes in blood chemistry. 

S C Wallace, 0 Bernstein. The relationship between gout and the kidney. Metabolism 12 440 (1963)... 

Methylene chloride Rat LDjo 1.6gJkg (oral) Hitman LDLo 357mg/kg (oral) narcotic effect Siispected carcinogen and mutagen Damage to hver and kidneys Metabolized to carbon monoxide Nervous system disorders Skin irritation Therapeutic category Pharmaceutical aid (solvent) ... 

SERUM LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT FLUORESCENT AGES ARE HIGHER IN NEONATES THAN IN ADULTS ROLE OF KIDNEY METABOLISM... 

In vivo deuterium ( H) MRS has been used to characterize amino acid metabolism, body iron content, brain and kidney metabolism and body fat utilization rates in rodents. These studies rely on the use of deuterium labelling or the existence of natural-abundance deuterium in water or lipids. For example, deuterium-labelled methionine was used to confirm the dominant contribution of the glycine/ sarcosine shuttle to the metabolism of excess methionine, while deuterium-labelled glucose was used to show that systemic glucose level influences brain... 

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