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Kidneys drug metabolism

It is important to monitor closely serum blood levels of chloramphenicol, particularly in patients with impaired liver or kidney function or when administering chloramphenicol with other drugs metabolized by the liver. Blood concentration levels exceeding 25 mcg/mL increase the risk of the patient developing bone marrow depression. [Pg.104]

Lash LH, Xu Y, Elfarra AA, et al. 1995. Glutathione-dependent metabolism of trichloroethylene in isolated liver and kidney cells of rats and its role in mitochondrial and cellular toxicity. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 23 846-853. [Pg.276]

Fig. 39.2. Multicompartment model which, in addition to Fig. 39.1, takes into account that the drug is buffered in adipose (fatty) tissue, excreted by the kidneys and metabolized in the liver. Fig. 39.2. Multicompartment model which, in addition to Fig. 39.1, takes into account that the drug is buffered in adipose (fatty) tissue, excreted by the kidneys and metabolized in the liver.
The kidneys are located on the posterior part of the abdomen on either side of the spine, below the diaphragm, and behind the liver and stomach. They are bean-shaped and weigh approximately 150 grams (0.33 lb) each. The primary function of the kidneys is excretion. They work to excrete waste products through a series of steps involving glomerular filtration, secretion, and reabsorption. The kidneys also have several endocrine (e.g., production of erythropoietin and renin) and metabolic (e.g., vitamin D activation and drug metabolism) functions. [Pg.831]

In vitro assays are increasingly being used. Some of the reasons are cost, availability of more rapid results, and avoidance of negative publicity. Assays such as cytochrome P-450 enzymes, the Ames test, and the mouse lymphoma tk test are in vitro methods. For absorption studies, Caco-2 (Exhibit 5.9) and Madin-Darby canine kidney cell assays are now routinely used. Hepatocyte cell lines with metabolism capacity are being developed to test drug metabolism and toxicity. All these examples show that, where possible, pharmaceutical firms are gradually dispensing with animal studies. [Pg.159]

Pohl LR, George JW, Satoh H. 1984. Strain and sex differences in chloroform-induced nephrotoxicity Different rates of metabolism of chloroform to phosgene by the mouse kidney. Drug Metab Dispos 12 304-308. [Pg.282]

Nolin TD, Erye RF, Matzke GR (2003) Hepatic drug metabolism and transport in patients with kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 42(5) 906-925... [Pg.58]

Most phase one reactions are catalyzed by the drug-metabolizing enzymes (mixed function oxidases, oxygenases) located in the endoplasmic reticulum of liver and, to a lesser extent, in intestine, kidney, and lung. These enzymes have been the subject of intensive research (G7, G8, LI). [Pg.61]

Renal/Hepatic function impairment The drug is metabolized in liver and excreted by the kidney administer with caution to patients with such impairment. Extensive liver disease predisposes to greater side effects and may be the result of decreased drug metabolism. [Pg.892]

Neonate Immature kidney Immature drug metabolizing enzymes Risk of Cp rise if dose not adjusted... [Pg.147]

Phenobarbital is effective orally and is distributed widely throughout the body. It is metabolized by microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes, but up to 50% of the parent drug is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. Primidone is metabolized to phenobarbital and phenyl-ethylmalonamide. The latter metabolite has anticonvulsant activity, but most of the anticonvulsant efficacy of primidone is due to the phenobarbital that is produced. [Pg.381]

Clearance is a measure of the volume of plasma that is cleared of drug per unit time (see Chapter 3). The total clearance for most drugs is the sum of clearances via excretion by the kidneys and metabolism by the liver. In planning a detoxification strategy, it is important to know the contribution of each organ to total clearance. For example, if a drug is 95% cleared by liver metabolism and only 5% cleared by renal excretion, even a dramatic increase in urinary concentration of the drug will have little effect on overall elimination. [Pg.1247]

Tarloff JB, Goldstein RS, Hook JB. Xenobiotic bio transformation by the kidney pharmacological and toxicological aspects. In Gibson GG, ed. Progress in Drug Metabolism. Vol. 12. London Taylor Francis, 1990. [Pg.127]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.1007 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.872 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.573 , Pg.579 , Pg.585 , Pg.598 ]




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Kidney metabolism

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