Ketones sulfonation

In order to justify the validity of ketone-sulfone analogies, a series of CNDO/2 calculations on a number of model cyclic unsaturated sulfones and ketones was... 

Scheme 6.18 Synthesis of poly(ketone ketone sulfone) via a polyaminonitrile precursor.

However, in view of the high-temperature capabilities of thermoplastic materials based on aromatic rings linked by thermally and oxidatively stable units such as ether, ketone, sulfone, or direct bonds,3 we have attempted to develop linear, carborane-copolymers of this same general type. We here describe synthetic and crystallographic studies of such materials, and report on their potential applications in membrane separation and in ceramic-precursor chemistry. 

The Julia coupling has also been successfully utilized for the synthesis of more complex alkenes. There are limitations to the application of the method to tri- and tetra-substituted alkenes, since the addition of the sulfone anion to a highly substituted ketone forms a -alkoxy sulfone that is difficult to trap and isolate. There is a tendency for highly substituted p-alkoxy sulfones to revert back to the ketone sulfone. There have been several recent examples of the synthesis of trisubstituted ( )-alkenes worthy of note. 

Qi, Y. Ding, J. Day, M. Jiang, J. Callender, C. L., Cross-linkable highly fluorinated poly(arylene ether ketones/sulfones) for optical waveguiding applications, Chem. Mater. 2005,17, 676-682. 

The basic set of Pharmacophore Points includes amine, amide, alcohol, ketone, sulfone, sulfonamide, carboxylic acid, carbamate, guaifidine, amidine, urea, and ester. 

Oxo compounds - Compounds containing an oxygen atom, =0, doubly bonded to carbon or another element. The term thus embraces aldehydes, carboxylic acids, ketones, sulfonic acids, amides and esters. [5]... 

At present, PTC is a common methodology for alkylation of a large variety of carbanions of nitriles, esters, ketones, sulfones, acidic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, etc. The upper limit of the pAla value for C—H acids able to form carbanions and undergo alkylation under PTC conditions is around 24. In the alkylation of carbanions with alkyl iodides often the inhibitory effect of iodide anions is observed, similarly as in the case of reactions of inorganic anions. For more detailed discussion see Section IV.C. 

In this text, we prefer the term arylene ether over aryl ether, in the sense that the aryl group is situated in the backbone of the polymer for example, recall the meaning of the term methylene. There are variants of this t) e of polymer, for example, poly(ether ketone sulfone)s, or poly(ether ether ketone sulfone)s. Basically, a poly(ether ketone sulfone) can be understood as a copol5mier bearing both the poly(ether ketone) moiety, and the poly(ether ketone) moiety in the backbone. This type of polymer could be dealt with either in the poly(ether ketone) chapter or in this chapter it is a matter of taste that we include this type here. Still other variants are summarized in Table 7.1. 

Poly(arylene thioether ketone ketone sulfone) PATKKS... 

Poly(ether ether ketone sulfone) PEEKS... 

Sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone ketone sulfone) SPAEKKS... 

High-molecular-weight poly(ketone)s and poly(ketone sulfone)s can be prepared by reacting dicarboxylic acids with aromatic compounds in the presence of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and phosphorus pentoxide for water binding. 

V. Jansons and H. C. Gors. Preparation of aromatic ketone-sulfone copolymers. US Patent 4 593 086, assigned to Raychem Corporation (Menlo Park, CA), June 3, 1986. 

W. R. Darnell and W. J. Jackson, Jr. Process for the preparation of polyketone and poly(ketone-sulfone) polymers. US Patent 4 861856, assigned to Easttnan Kodak Company (Rochester, NY), August 29, 1989. 

Z. Wang, X. Li, C. Zhao, H. Ni, and H. Na. Synthesis and characterization of sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone ketone sulfone) membranes for application in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J. Power Sources, 160 (2) 969-976, October 2006. 

A in the equation represents a substituted aldehyde. An electron withdrawing group can activate the double bond and its the electron-withdrawing capability is related to the produced electronegativity, which are usually believed that nitro is the strongest followed by sulfonic acid group [20]. The double bond is between the substituted a, P carbons, a, P-Unsaturated carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid esters, nitriles, acids, ketones, sulfones, aldehydes, ethers, olefins and heterocyclic alkene can all react with nitroalkane via addition reactions to form the corresponding nitro-derivatives. 

General biological depressants are substantially non-ionized substances. They may be hydrocarbons (aliphatic or aromatic), chlorinated hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, ketones, sulfones, weak acids, weak bases, or aliphatic nitrocompounds. Aldehydes, esters, strong acids, and strong bases usually act differently. Many hypotheses have been put forward to explain the action of depressants, and these will be briefly reviewed here. 

Reductions of ketones, sulfones, and sulfoxides with triphenyltin hydride have been shown to give hexaphenylditin as the tin-containing product 232, 237). Isocyanates or isothiocyanates 233, 239) as well as benzoyl peroxide 239a) also produce the same product from triphenyltin hydride. In contrast, however, alkyltin hydrides undergo addition to carbonyl groups to form alkyltin alkoxides 239b). 

Sankaran, V, Marvel, C. S. (1979). Polyaromatic Ester-Ketone-Sulfones Containing 1,3-Butadiene Units J. Polymer Sci. Polymer Chem. Ed, 17(12), 3943-3957. 

Ogawa, T., Marvel, C. S. (1985). Polyaromatic Esteiketones and Ester-Ketone-Sulfones having Various Hydrophihe Groups. J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed, 23(4), 1231-1241. 

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