Ketone based polymers

Applications include parts in airplane and automobile engines, chemical plants, oil and gas processing equipment, and steam processing equipment. Ketone-based polymers are used in high-temperature electrical and electronic applications and medical applications. Certain resins have been used as electrical coatings and in... 

During the 1980s and 1990s, the pace of research and commercialisation of high-temperature plastics accelerated dramatically. The thermoplastic resin manufacturers introduced many new materials based on imide, sulfone, and ketone-based polymers. These include polyetherimide (1982) and polyphthalamide (1991). Polyketones and liquid crystal polymers were also commercialised in the 1990s. 

Sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s (SPAEKs) have also been developed for application in PEMs, with sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) (9a) as the archetypical example of this group. The base polymer of SPEEK is commercially available and relatively cheap, and sulfonation is a straightforward procedure using concentrated sulfuric acid. At sufficient levels of sulfonation, proton conductivity values for SPEEK are comparable to or higher than those of Nafion. However, this does lead to random copolymers where there... 

Various materials have been examined for use as deep UV resists poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) (1), poly(methyl isopropenyl ketone) (PMIPK) fS.7L and the novolak-Meldrum s acid solution inhibition system (S). Each however has a problem related to sensitivity and/or resolution. While PMMA is insensitive to light of X > 230 nm because of its weak absorption, its high resolution properties make it an attractive starting point for the design of a resist that will perform well in the 230-280 region. The photochemical properties of PMMA could be modified by the incorporation of a small percentage of photolabile groups so as to have both the desired sensitivity and base polymer properties. 

The solubility of PLA is dependent on the molar weight and the crystallinity degree of the polymer. For the enantiopure PLA, chloroform and other chlorinated organic solvents, such as furan, dioxane, dioxolane and pyridine are good solvents. In addition to these organic solvents, the non-enantiopure PLA is soluble in ethyl acetate, dimethylsulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl lactate and dimethylformamide. However, lactic acid based polymers are not soluble in water, alcohol (e.g. ethanol, methanol), isopropyl ether, or unsubstituted hydrocarbons (e.g. cyclohexane, heptane) [19]. 

Surprisingly, there have been only few synthetic studies on polymer-supported asymmetric superbase reagents. Recently, Wannaporn and Ishikawa prepared a new chiral guanidine based polymer catalyst and applied it to the asymmetric Michael addition reaction of iminoacetate with methyl vinyl ketone [39] (Scheme 6.7). Although the catalyst shows only moderate levels of reactivity and enantioselectivity, the result demonstrates the possibility of expanding an exciting field of asymmetric synthesis using polymer-supported chiral superbase catalysts. 

The thermogravimetric results show that these polymers are not extremely thermally stable, unlike our zirconium Schiff-base polymers, which show thermal stability to about 500 C (24). All of the cobalt(III) p-di-ketonate polymers show decomposition before 200 C is reached. 

Chem. Descrip. Isobutyl methacrylate-based polymer CAS 97-86-9 EINECS/ELINCS 202-613-0 Uses Heat-sealing raw material for pkg. of foods and pharmaceuticals binder for mfg. of plastic coatings, aerosol paints, primers, and printing inks prod, of petrol.-sol., weather-resist., lightfast protective lacquers Properties Bead in powd. form sol. in aliphatic hydrocarbons, esters, ketones, aromatics, glycol ethers, glycol ether acetates, chlorinated hydrocarbons insol. in alcohols m.w. 200,000 dens. 1.03 q/cm acid no. < 1... 

S.D. Mikhailenko, S.M.J. Zaidi, S. Kaliaguine, Sulfonated poly ether ether ketone based composite polymer electrolyte membranes, Catal. Tod., 67 (2001) 225-236... 

One of the popular methods used for the separation of polymer mixtures is the liquid chromatography at the chromatographic critical condition (LCCC). At the critical condition of one component, the other component, which is not under critical condition, can be separated in SEC mode [27-31, 33]. It is necessary to choose a proper combination of stationary and mobile phase considering the interaction strength to elute the component to be analyzed in the SEC mode. For example, Pasch et al. showed in the analysis of mixtures of methacrylate-based polymer blends that, at the critical point of PMMA, less polar methacrylates can be analyzed in the SEC mode using silica gel as the stationary phase and a methyl ethyl ketone/cyclohexane mixture as the eluent. For the analysis of polar polymethacr-... 

As we have stated earlier, the use of ME-based-polymers has several advantages with respect to glass such as cost and microfabrication simplicity. In this way, an interesting work dealing with a high-performance polymer polyether ether ketone (PEEK) microchip as a novel application in food environments has been reported in connection with a portable instrument [44]. In this work, CCD was also used as the detection principle. 

With the exception of implications regarding solubility, a feature not yet apparent is any recognized trend in the emissions from sulphur cures with variations in the base polymer. This is not the case with peroxide cures, where the reactivity of the polymer can influence both the quantity and type of emissions. A well-studied example is that of NR which carries an abundance of abstractable allylic hydrogens to favour alcohol formations (eqn (29)). Thus when DTOP (R = Me) is the peroxide, fert-butanol (BP 82°C) is obtained, whilst cumyl alcohol (2-phenyl-2-propanol BP 202°C) is obtained from Dicup (R = Ph). Ketone formation (eqn (30)) competes with hydrogen abstraction and can predominate in the presence of a different polymer emissions from formulations based on EPDM, silicone and a fluoroelastomer have been characterized. Other by-products include alkenes from alcohol dehydration, although numerous other reactions can occur. 

By certain physical factors like thermal, ultraviolet irradiation, high pressure and other chemical parameters like organic solvents the helical pol5mers are easily denaturalized. A variety of helical polymers are synthesized, which include polyisocyanates, polyisocyanides, polychloral, polymethacrylates, polysilanes, polythiophenes, poly (p-phenylene)s, poly(l-methylpropargyl-ester)s, poly(phenylacetylene)s and poly (-unsaturated ketone) [18-24] (Fig. 1). Other polymers are whose optical activity is main chain or side chain chirality dependent e.g. amino-acid-based polymers are nontoxic, biocompatible and biodegradable. 

Abstract During the last two decades, extensive efforts have been made to develop alternative hydrocarbon-based polymer electrolyte membranes to overcome the drawbacks of the current widely used perfluorosulfonic acid Nafion. This chapter presents an overview of the synthesis, chemical properties, and polymer electrolyte fuel cell applications of new proton-conducting polymer electrolyte membranes based on sulfonated poly(arylene ether ether ketone) polymers and copolymers. 

Trogadas and Ramani summarized the modification of PEM membranes, including Nafion modified by zirconium phosphates, heteropolyacids, hydrogen sulfates, metal oxides, and silica. Membranes with sulfonated non-fluorinated backbones were also described. The base polymers polysulfone, poly(ether sulfone), poly(ether ether ketone), polybenzimidazole, and polyimide. Another interesting category is acid-base polymer blend membranes. This review also paid special attention to electrode designs based on catalyst particles bound by a hydrophobic poly-tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) structure or hydrophilic Nafion, vacuum deposition, and electrodeposition method. Issues related to the MEA were presented. In then-study on composite membranes, the effects of particle sizes, cation sizes, number of protons, etc., of HPA were correlated with the fuel cell performance. To promote stability of the PTA within the membrane matrix, the investigators have employed PTA supported on metal oxides such as silicon dioxide as additives to Nafion. 

In order to enhance the sulfonic acidity and therefore improve the polymer proton conductivity, a different synthetic pathway has been elaborated to introduce the sulfonic acids in the ortho position to electron-withdrawing groups (sulfones, ketones). Based on a procedure widely developed by Jan-nasch et al. for the synthesis of proton exchange polyarylethers [82,83], Chen et al. [84] designed an original and interesting monomer (Fig. 9). However, the harsh experimental conditions required (BuLi, gaseous SO2) and relatively low overall yields (24.7%) should preclude the wide development of such monomers. 

Wu, H.L., Ma, C.C.M., Kuan, H.C., Wang, C.H., Chen, C.Y., Chiang, C.L. (2006) Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/poly(vinylpyrrolidone) acid-base polymer blends for direct methanol fuel cell application. Journal of Polymer Science Part B Polymer Physics, 44, 565-572. 

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