Kellner

Castner-Kellner cell An electrolytic cell for the production of sodium hydroxide. ... 

Sodium hydroxide is manufactured by electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride the other product of the electrolysis, chlorine, is equally important and hence separation of anode and cathode products is necessary. This is achieved either by a diaphragm (for example in the Hooker electrolytic cell) or by using a mercury cathode which takes up the sodium formed at the cathode as an amalgam (the Kellner-Solvay ceW). The amalgam, after removal from the electrolyte cell, is treated with water to give sodium hydroxide and mercury. The mercury cell is more costly to operate but gives a purer product. 

Mercury is extensively used in various pieces of scientific apparatus, such as thermometers, barometers, high vacuum pumps, mercury lamps, standard cells (for example the Weston cell), and so on. The metal is used as the cathode in the Kellner-Solvay cell (p. 130). 

H. Y. Castner (US/UK) and C. Kellner (Vienna) independently developed commercial mercury-cathode cell for chlor-alkali production... 

The use of mercury for extracting precious metals by amalgamation has a long history and was extensively used by Spain in the sixteenth century when her fleet carried mercury from Almaden to Mexico and returned with silver. However, environmental concerns have resulted in falling demand and excess production capacity. It is still used in the extraction of gold and in the Castner-Kellner process for manufacturing chlorine and NaOH (p. 72), and a further major use is in the manufacture of batteries. It is also used in street lamps and AC rectifiers, while its small-scale use in thermometers, barometers and gauges of different kinds, are familiar in many laboratories. 

A treatment of the hydrogen molecule by the Ritz method, applied to helium by Kellner (25), has been reported by S. C. Wang (Phys. Rev., 31, 579 (1928)). With this method the individual eigenfunctions p and

hydrogen-like eigenfunctions of an atom with atomic number Z differing from unity. The value found for Z is 1.166, and the... 

Kaplan, R.F., Kellner, K.R. (1985). More on malignant hyperthermia during delivery. Am J. Obst. Gynec. 152, 5608. 

Kellner, R., Mermet, J.-M., Otto, M. and Widmer, H. M., Analytical Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 1998. 

Gorbach SG, Christ OE, Kellner H, et al. 1968. Metabolism of endosulfan in milk sheep. J Agric Food Chem 16 950-953. 

Herwald H, Dedio J. Kellner R. Loos M. Muller-Esterl W Isolation and characterization of the kini-nogen-binding protein p33 from endothelial cells. Identity with the gClq receptor. J Biol Chem 1996 271 13040-13047. 

K Taga, R Kellner, U Kainz, UB Sleytr. Anal Chem 66 35-39, 1993. 

Bruhl H, Wagner K, Kellner H, Schattenkirchner M., Schlondorff D, Mack M. Surface expression of CC- and CXC-chemokine receptors on leucocyte subsets in inflammatory joint diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 2001 126 551-559. 

Kellner, R (1994) Education of analytical chemists in Europe. Anal Chem 66 98A... 

WPAC (1993) Edinburgh definition of analytical chemistry see Kellner, R (1994)... 

Kellner R, Mermet J-M, Otto M, Widmer HM (eds) (1998) Analytical chemistry. The approved text to the FECS Curriculum Analytical Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, New York, Chichester... 

Methods can only usefully applied in analytical practice when they are sufficiently robust and therefore insensitive to small variations in method conditions and equipment (replacement of a part), operator skill, environment (temperature, humidity), aging processes (GC- or LC columns, reagents), and sample composition. This demand makes robustness (ruggedness) to an important validation criterion that has to be proved by experimental studies. The concepts of robustness and ruggedness mostly have been described verbally where it must be stated that their use is frequently interchangeably and synonymously (e.g., Hendricks et al. [1996] Kellner et al. [1998] EURACHEM [1998] ICH [1994, 1996] Wunsch [1994] Wildner and Wunsch [1997] Valcarcel [2000] Kateman and Buydens [1993]). 

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