K-ras gene

Shvedova et al. [59] demonstrated that inhalation of SWNTs resulted in mutations of the k-ras gene locus in the lung of mice. Among the mutated genes implicated in pulmonary tumorigenesis, the k-ras oncogene is relevant in lung tumors of mice exposed to chemicals. 

Toxicity and effectivity studies have often been performed in rodent fibroblast cells containing oncogenic H-Ras. However, prenylation of K-Ras B and N-Ras are not as effectively blocked by the farnesyltransferase inhibitors as H-Ras [48] (see below). Thus normal cells may be less sensitive to these drugs because they express K-Ras 4B and N-Ras. In this context it should be noted that H-Ras mutations are relatively uncommon in human tumors [49]. Rather, the K-Ras gene is the most frequently mutated in solid human cancers, whereas N-Ras is prevalent in leukemias. Thus the preclinical evaluation of the farnesylation inhibitors has yet to be critically re-evaluated for trials in humans. 

Jackson EL, Willis N, Mercer K et al (2001) Analysis of lung tumor initiation and progression using conditional expression of oncogenic K-ras. Genes Dev 15 3243-3248... 

Four spots of DNA probes were applied in a PMMA microchannel (500 pm wide, 50 pm deep). This is intended for detection of low-abundant point mutation in the K-ras gene, which is diagnostic for colorectal cancer. Aminated 24-mer DNA probes were immobilized via glutaraldehyde hnkage on the amine groups... 

Brustle O, Ohgaki H, Schmitt HP, Walter GF, Ostertag H, Kleihues P (1992) Primitive neuroectodermal tumors after prophylactic central nervous system irradiation in children. Association with an activated K-ras gene. Cancer, 69 2385-2392. 

Zhu, D., Keohavong, P., Finkelstein, S., Swalsky, R, Bakker, A., Weissfeld, Sri vasts va, S., and Whitbide, T. L. (1997). K-ras gene mutations in normal colorectal tissues from K-ras mutation-po-sitive colorectal cancer patients. CapiCtfr Res. 57, 2485-2492... 

Rosell R, Li S, Skacel Z, et al. Prognostic impact of mutated K-ras gene in surgically resected non-small cell lung cancer patients. Oncogene 1993 8 2407-2412. 

Almoguera, C., Shibata, D., Forrester, K, Martin, J., Arnheim, N., and Perucho, M. (1988) Most human carcinomas of the exocrine pancreas contain mutant c-K-ras genes. Cell 53, 549-54. 

Moskaluk CA, Hruban RH, Kern SE. pl6 and K-ras gene mutations in the intraductal precursors of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 1997 57 2140-2143. 

Ajiki T, Fujimori T, Onoyama H, et al. K-ras gene mutation in gall bladder carcinomas and dysplasia. Gut. 1996 38 426-429. 

Pienado, M.A., and Perucho, M. (1991) Frequency and spectrum of mutations at codons 12 and 13 of the c-K-ras gene in human tumors. Environ. Health Perspect., 93, 125-131. 

Comparison of mutations in the p 53 and K-ras genes in lung carcinomas from smoking and non-smoking women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 8, 297-302. 

Mutant K-ras gene Induces apoptosis inhibits tumor growth H441 cells line 143... 

Endo, Y., Zhang, L., Katashima, R., Itakura, M., Doherty, E. A. S., Barron, A. E., and Baba, Y. Effect of polymer matrix and glycerol on rapid single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis by capillary and microchip electrophoresis for detection of mutations in K-ras gene. Electrophoresis, 26, 3380, 2005. 

FIGURE 6.3 Effects of glycerol concentration in the buffer on CE-SSCP analysis of PSNl and the wild-type of K-ras gene. Experimental conditions 1.5% MC in 50 mM Trisborate buffer (a) without glycerol (b) with 5% glycerol (c) with 10% glycerol electric field 300 V/cm samples were labeled with FAM. RFU represents relative fluorescence unit. (From Endo, Y., et al., Electmphoresis, 26, 3380, 2005. With permission.)... 

Yamazaki K, Hanami K, Nagao T, Asoh A, Sugano I, Ishida Y. Increased cyclinDl expression in cancer of the ampula of Vater relevance to nuclear beta-catenin accumulation and K-ras gene mutation. Mol Pathol. 2003 56 336-41. 

Lin, G.M., et al. Biodegradable Nanocapsules as siRNA Carriers for Mutant K-Ras Gene Silencing of Human Pancreatic Carcinoma Cells. Small 9(16), 2757-2763 (2013)... 

Fig. 2 Detection of K-ras gene mutations in CRC by Tag arrays B. Bead-Based Method...

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