Junipers

Juniper is stated to possess diuretic, antiseptic, carminative, stomachic, and antirheumatic properties. Traditionally, it has been used for cystitis, flatulence, colic, and is applied topically for rheumatic pains in joints and muscles. 

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Off-Shoot-O. The methyl esters of the Cg—C 2 fatty acids (40) are collectively sold under the name Off-Shoot-O and are closely related to 1-decanol, the fatty alcohol sold to control axillary shoots in tobacco. The material is a contact-type chemical used to pinch ornamental plants such as a2aleas, cotoneaster, juniper Juniperus sp. privet, rhamnus, and taxus (Taxus sp. sp.). As a result of treatment the shmbs become bushier. The mode of action is by plasmolysis of the young, sensitive tissues. Therefore, appHcation timing may be critical. 

Juniper Oil. The best juniper oil [8012-91 -7] is obtained from the steam distillation of the ripe cmshed, dried berries of Juniperus communis L., a shmb which grows wild in many regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America. However, most commercial juniperberry oil comes from the fermented fmits as a by-product of flavors for alcohoHc beverages such as gin, brandy, Hquors, cordials, and sloe-gin. This represents the actual commercial juniperberry oil, since very Httle tme juniperberry oil is produced. A comparison of the headspace volatiles of ripe juniperberries (85) with an authentic, freshly prepared juniperberry oil (86) is shown in Table 42. 

Gin. Gin is a botanical flavored spirit first produced in 1650 by Franciscus de La Boe, a professor of medicine at the University of Leyden, attempting to produce a palatable, therapeutic medicine. He distilled alcohol in the presence of juniper berries being aware that the Latin junipems communis means youth giving. 

Gins derive their character from the type of mash used to produce the grain neutral spirits and the quaUty of the juniper berries and other botanicals used in the redistikation process. A wide variety of botanicals is used in gin including angeflcal root, anise, carroway seeds, citms peels, Hcorice, and other barks, herbs, and roots. 

U.S. regulations define two types of gin distilled gin and compounded gin. Distilled gin is produced from the original mash or the redistikation of neutral spirits with juniper berries and other botanicals. Distiked gin may retain this labeling as long as juniper berries are present during distikation and other aromatics used in the formula may be added as Hquid concentrates purchased or produced by the distiker. 

Compounded gin is produced by a dding extracts of juniper berries and other botanicals to high proof neutral spirits. This gin is perceived to be a lower quahty than distiked gin and not much is produced by this method. 

Gin is usuaky distiked at 180—190° proof. In the second distikation, cmshed juniper berries are placed on mesh trays or perforated racks caked gin heads in the distikation column. The vapors then extract the aromatic flavoring oils and carry them over with the distikate. 

The discovery of junipal focused the attention of Sorensen, who had been investigating the occurrence of polyacetylenes in Com-positae, on the possibility that these acetylenes were accompanied by thiophenes. From Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex sweet, 2-phenyl 5-(1-propynyl) thiophene (240) was isolated and its structure confirmed by synthesis of the tetrahydro compound, 2-phenyl-5-n-propyl-thiophene. From the root of tansy, the cis and trans isomers of methyl 5-(l-propynyl)-2-thienylacrylate (241) have been isolated. The total synthesis of trans (241) was achieved by reacting junipal with methylcarbethoxy triphenylphosphonium bromide (Wittig reaction) Several monosubstituted thiophenes, (242), (243), and... 

It seems quite obvious that the thiophenes are related to the polyacetylenes which they accompany. This viewpoint has recently been illustrated by the formation of thiophenes from polyacetylenes and hydrogen sulfide under almost biological conditions. In a recent lecture summary, the preparation of terthienyl, junipal, and (241) from 1,4-disubstituted butadiynes and hydrogen sulfide is claimed. A large number of bithienyls have been prepared and their nemato-dicidal activity investigated. All the compounds with strong activity were found to be derivatives of 2,2 -bithienyl. ... 

Cadinene owes its name to its occuiTence in considerable quantity in oil of cade—which, of course, is not a true essential oil, but the product of destructive distillation. It is found in numerous essential oils, including those of patchouli, savin, galbanum, camphor, cedar wood. West Indian santal, juniper, and many others. Cadinene is best prepared as follows —... 

It can be obtained artificially by treating sabinene or thujene with dilute sulphuric acid, when the resulting alcohol is optically inactive. The natural alcohol, isolated from juniper berry oil, has the following characters —... 

Ramsay 1 has isolated a crystalline sesquiterpene alcohol from the essential oil distilled from the bark of the juniper tree. It forms optically inactive triclinic crystals, melting at 107°, and having the formula CjjH O. 

Xianewitbeere, /. juniper berry. kriCngen. v.i. (of ships, etc.) heel, list. 

Wacholder, m. juniper, -beere,/. juniper berry, -branntwein, -gelst, m. (Holland) gin. -harz, n. juniper resin gum juniper (sandarac). -61, n. juniper oil (brenzhches) oil of cade, -spiritus, m. (Pharm.) spirit of juniper, -teer, m. juniper tar, oil of cade. 

Mr. Boulud s winter cocktail menu, introduced on Monday at his signature restaurant, Daniel, on East 65th Street, includes Juniper and Berries, a warm apple-cider-like drink with gin, creme de cassis and maple syrup. (Coincidentally, the Clinton Bakery on the Lower East Side is also serving a warm apple and maple drink, without liquor. Throw some gin into it, guys )... 

I nursed my haute toddy and ate tiny olives. The Juniper and Berries is a true recipe an inevitable blend of its ingredients. You taste everything, the lemon, die clove, and yet nothing but the cocktail itself. Savory and sweet, it has the good cook s sense of a traditional whiter dish. Game widi cherries, or bollito misto and mostarda. There s nothing wrong with die heat at Daniel, but die drink is also pleasantly warm—tiede, in the vocabulary of presentation of French restaurants. 

I prefer vodka in the drink, for its understatement. Gin talks too much, with its juniper bush—berry accent. And what you want, as everyone knows, is a drinking companion who listens. 

If you take gin, and take the idea of juniper, and figure out what would go well with that—it s time to do that with cocktails. ... 

Blue Moon, 169 Bo Hai, 148 The Bombardier, 162 Calamansi Collins, 103 The Gibson, 187 The Gimlet, 181 Gin Blossom, 178 Huckleberry Ginn, 90 Juniper and Berries, 175... 

Gin Either Makes You Cry or Fight the bombardier The Oral Tradition, Nicely Iced the martini AWild Card blue moon An Aperitif in Black Tie the tuxedo The Toddy Effect juniper and berries... 

Numerousherbai diureticsare available as over-the-counter (OTQ products. Most plants and herbal extracts available as OTCdiureticsare nontoxic. However, most are either ineffective or no more effective than caffeine. The following are selected herbals reported to possess diuretic activity cetery, chicory, sassafras juniper berries St. John s wort, foxglove, horsetail, licorice, dandelion, digital is purpurea, ephedra, hibiscus parsley, and elderberry. 

Diuretic teas such as juniper berries and shave grass or horsetail are contraindicated. Juniper berries have been associated with renal damage, and horsetail contains severely toxic compounds Teas with ephedrine should be avoided, especially by individuals with hypertension. 

Some readers may wish to look at the study of Watson et al. (1994) involving the Marshallia graminifolia (Walter) Small (Asteraceae) complex, which occurs along the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains essentially paralleling the juniper example just... 

Different types of woods are generally classified as softwood if they come from conifers or hardwood if they were lumbered from deciduous trees. Look up the densities of some softwood trees, such as spruce or juniper, and compare these with hardwoods, such as elm or... 

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