Judges selecting

If the patent appHcation is allowed based on an appHcant s response to the second office action, examination is ended. However, if the patent examiner advises the patent appHcant that the rejections will be maintained and the appHcant views these rejections as insurmountable, the patent appHcant may choose to abandon the patent appHcation. If the patent examiner maintains the earHer posed rejections, and the patent appHcant disagrees with the examiner, the patent appHcant may appeal the examiner s decision to the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences, which is comprised of adininistrative judges. The appeal process involves the noticing and briefing of the appeal, and oral argument before and a subsequent decision from the Board of Appeals and Interferences (step 10). Usually the oral argument is presented to, and subsequent decision is received from, a panel of three administrative judges selected from the full complement of the Board. If the Board panel decides in the appHcant s favor (step 11), the patent appHcation will be passed to issuance (step 12). If the Board decides in the examiner s favor, the patent appHcant will have to consider whether to refile the appHcation and request another round of examination or seek court review. 

GL 18] [R 1] [P 19a-d] Errors in judging selectivity came from problems of closing the carbon balance, rather than from intrinsic analytical fluctuations and sampling errors [60, 62]. The formation of species in solution not identified by the analytics used (GC) could be ruled out instead, it was assumed that the loss of carbon is due to carbon deposition on the catalyst. The maximum loss of carbon amounted to about 20%, i.e. it was large. 

This equation is also a straightforward consequence of Eqs. (1) and (2). Because the relative retention represents the ratio of distribution coefficients for two different solutes, it is frequently utilized (for the solutes of selected chemical structures) as a means to judge selectivity of the solute-column interactions. 

Even after 30 years of research activity in the field, my personal experience encompasses only a fraction of the methodologies included in the book. I have selected the methods and examples on the basis of utility and reliability as judged by frequency of application in the literature or by indication that specific procedures are especially convenient. I will welcome comments from chemists whose experience, good or bad, will help in recognizing the best of the many methods that are available. 

Bending. The smallest radius over which strip of a particular alloy can be formed without failing is important in the selection of materials for a given appHcation. The industry tests formabiHty using samples cut from strip material to rank materials and thereby indicate whether a particular alloy/temper is suited for an appHcation (15). Performance of the material in actual stamping is the best final judge of suitabiHty. 

The following is a list by major heading of processes in the Chemical Industry. While accidents can occur in any activity, the scope of the chemical process industry is so wide that processes are selected for description based on judged hazard. These are identified by the number of the section in which they are described. Process not identified by a three digit number are excluded on the basis of low perceived accident potential. 

Most size exclusion chromatography (SEC) practitioners select their columns primarily to cover the molar mass area of interest and to ensure compatibility with the mobile phase(s) applied. A further parameter to judge is the column efficiency expressed, e.g., by the theoretical plate count or related values, which are measured by appropriate low molar mass probes. It follows the apparent linearity of the calibration dependence and the attainable selectivity of separation the latter parameter is in turn connected with the width of the molar mass range covered by the column and depends on both the pore size distribution and the pore volume of the packing material. Other important column parameters are the column production repeatability, availability, and price. Unfortunately, the interactive properties of SEC columns are often overlooked. 

ASTM D5296-92 requires this R. greater than 1.7 whereas the DIN 55672-1 1995-02 standard requires R to be greater than 2.5. The OECD was uncertain on this point in 1994 and provisionally selected an R of 2.5 but the OECD also recommended this value for further review by the OECD member nations. This resolution criterion in Eq. (1) is a useful one for judging column set quality... 

Semi-empirical methods are zero-dimensional, just as force field mefhods are. There is no way of assessing the reliability of a given result within the method. This is due to the selection of a fixed (minimum) basis set. The only way of judging results is by comparing the accuracy of other calculations on similar systems with experimental data. 

This selectivity has been confirmed in these Laboratories by J. Adams. The two deactivations are more nearly equivalent in 3,4-dichloro-5-methoxy-pyridazine judging from its monomethoxylation product. osb... 

The assumed transition state for this reaction is shown in Scheme 5.5. The two bulky t-butoxy groups are expected to locate at the two apical positions. One of the 3,3 -phenyl groups would effectively shield one face of an imine, and consequently, a diene attacks from the opposite side. Judging from this model, similar selectivities were expected in the Mannich-type reactions of imines with silyl eno-lates. Actually, when ligand 10 was used in the reaction of imine la with S-ethyl-thio-l-trimethylsiloxyethene, the corresponding / -amino thioester was obtained in 84% ee (Scheme 5.6). As expected, the sense of the chiral induction in this case was the reverse of that observed when using catalyst 6 [12, 25]. 

Rearrangements have been included in which sulfones participate not only as reactants but also as products. Reactions have been classified according to mechanism, but although the main emphasis has been on mechanism and stereochemistry, special attention to synthetic applications has also been given, wherever appropriate. Obviously, due to space limitations as well as the vast amount of work available, only selected and representative results of general importance, as judged by the concern of the reviewer, are presented below. Thus, the exclusion of a particular piece of work in no way passes judgement on its scientific value. 

Binaphthol-derived titanium complexes [64], prepared from chiral ligands 65 (Figure 3.13), also performed very well in the cycloadditions of conjugated aldehydes with cyclic and acyclic dienes. Judging from the absolute configurations of endo and exo adducts, this catalyst should cover the re-face of carbonyl on its u tz-coordination to s-trans a,/l-unsaturated aldehydes, and hence dienes should approach selectively from the si-face. 

The routine monitoring of every hazardous constituent of the effluent gases of operating incinerators is not now possible. EPA has established procedures to characterize incinerator performance in terms of the destruction of selected components of the anticipated waste stream. These compounds, labeled principal organic hazardous components (POHCs), are currently ranked on the basis of their difficulty of incineration and their concentration in the anticipated waste stream. The destraction efficiency is expressed in terms of elimination of the test species, with greater than 99.99 percent removal typically judged acceptable provided that toxic by-products are not generated in the process. 

Such relationships were in fact found empirically (168, 169, 231) however, they should be confirmed by use of correct statistics. The whole treatment with temperature-dependent parameters has to be completed with appropriate statistical methods and tested on selected reactivity data (236) before one can judge whether it is worth the effort. Few data available at present fulfil the high demands on accuracy and extent. 

Obtain meaningful data on the catalyst Usually for kinetic purposes is it the turnover frequency per active site (TOP) that of interest. But other parameters such as selectivity and yield are also of great importance for judging the potential of the catalyst. Instead of expressing the activity as a turnover frequency, it can also be given in terms of ... 

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