Jet nebuliser

Smye, S.W. Jollie, M.I. Cunliffe, H. Littlewood, J.M. Measurement and predication of drug solvent losses by evaporation from a jet nebuliser. Clin. Phys. Physiol. Meas. 1992, 13, 129-134. 

Clay, M.M. Pavia, D. Newman, S.P. Lennard-Jones, T. Clarke, S.W. Assessment of jet nebulisers for lung aerosol therapy. Lancet 1983, 2, 592-594. 

MacCaUion ONM, Taylor KMG, Bridges PA, Thomas M, Taylor AJ. Jet nebulisers for pulmonary drug delivery. Int J Pharm 1996 130 1-11. 

Taylor KMG, Venthoye G, Chawla A. Pentamide isoethionate delivery from jet nebulisers. Int J Pharm 1992 85 203 -208. 

Jet nebulisers, which consist of a two-fluid nozzle connected to a reservoir cup for the medicine solution and a compressor or a compressed air system... 

Jet nebulisers in the home situation are increasingly replaced by (vibrating) membrane inhalers which give better control over the medicine delivery to the respiratory tract than the classic jet and ultrasonic nebulisers, and may increase the adherence to the therapy. 

A great variety of jet and ultrasonic nebulisers is available for a wide range of size distributions and different output rates [45]. If an inhaler is approved for the administration of a particular type of medicine formulation, it should be the first choice for that application. If the nebuliser or compressor (for jet nebulisers) is not available, as for instance... 

Currently, suspensions prepared from micronised active substances are the only marketed dehvery system for nebulisation of poorly water soluble substances such as steroids and cyclosporine [53]. Several problems are inherent in nebulising micro-suspensions and they vary from non-optimised lung deposition for the active substance to heterodispersity of the active substance concentration in the aerosol droplets and poor compatibility with different types of nebulisers, particularly ultrasonic devices. Suspensions may also have poor stability and the two components (solid and liquid) tend to separate with time within the formulation by sedimentation or flocculation, depending on the particle density relative to that of the liquid. Several jet nebulisers can deliver suspensions quite effectively, even independently of the primary particle size [54], but ultrasonic devices may convert primarily the continuous phase into aerosol whereas vibrating mesh inhalers can be blocked by particles being larger than the pore diameter of the membrane. 

Most corticosteroids nasal sprays (licensed preparations) are suspensions in which croscarmellose sodium is used as viscosity enhancer. The inhalation liquids for nebulisation with the same type of active substances however only contain polysorbate and sorbitan laureate to stabilise the suspension. For atomisation in jet nebulisers, the liquid should not be too viscous, in order to prevent clogging of the nebuliser. 

Everard ML, Clark AR, Milner AD. Drug delivery from jet nebulisers. Arch Dis Child 1992 67 586-591. 

The function of the nebuliser is to produce a mist or aerosol of the test solution. The solution to be nebulised is drawn up a capillary tube by the Venturi action of a jet of air blowing across the top of the capillary a gas flow at high pressure is necessary in order to produce a fine aerosol. 

A group of techniques employing differential selection of solute ions relies on nebulisation and ionisation of the eluent, with some discrimination of ion selection in favour of the solute. Main representatives are APCI [544] and thermospray [545]. In a thermospray interface a supersonic jet of vapour and small droplets is generated out of a heated vaporiser tube. Controlled, partial vaporisation of the HPLC solvent occurs before it enters the ion source. Ionisation of nonvolatile analytes takes place by means of solvent-mediated Cl reactions and ion evaporation processes. Most thermospray sources are fitted with a discharge electrode. When this is used, the technique is called plasmaspray (PSP) or discharge-assisted thermospray. In practice, many... 

Varner A, Busse W 1996 Are you undertreating inflammation in asthma Journal of Respiratory Disease 17 656-668 Viel L 1999 Therapeutic efficacy of inhaled fluticasone propionate in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In Proceedings of the 45th American Association of Equine Practitioners Annual Convention, Albuquerque, NM, pp. 306-307 Votion D, Ghafir Y, Munsters K et al 1997 Aerosol deposition in equine lungs following ultrasonic nebulisation versus jet aerosol delivery system. 

For LC-MS to become a reality an interface had to be designed which was capable of providing a vapour sample feed consistent with the vacuum requirements of the mass spectrometer ion source and of volatilising the sample without decomposition. Various enrichment interfaces have been developed such as the molecular jet, vacuum nebulising, the direct liquid introduction inlet and thermospray systems. 

Elhissi AM A, Taylor KMG. Delivery of liposomes generated from proUposomes using air-jet, ultrasonic, and vibrating-mesh nebulisers. J Drug Del Sci Tech 2005 15 261-5. 

Basically four different types of commercially available aerosol generation devices exist dry powder inhalers (DPIs), metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), classic jet and ultrasonic nebulisers and a new class of high-performance liquid inhalers. Each of these categories has many different variations of the same basic design and working principle... 

Compared to classic jet and ultrasonic nebulisers, most novel liquid inhalers have the advantages of ... 

Najlah M, Parveen I, Alhnan MA, Ahmed W, Faheem A, Phoenix DA, Taylor KM, Elhissi A (2014) The effects of suspension particle size on the performance of air-jet, ultrasonic and vibrating mesh nebulisers. Int J Pharm 461(l-2) 234—241... 

---