Liquid inhalation

Both powdered insulin formulations and liquid inhaled insulin formulations are being developed. There have been no direct comparisons of these formulations, and it is therefore difficult to make definitive statements about whether one is superior to the other (274). 

Tablets, liquids, inhalants—transdermals What exactly are these skin patches Why are they so special Are they considered the in medicines of the last decade How are they validated ...

The AERx, developed by Aradigm (Hayward, CA), is a metered dose liquid inhaler designed to deliver various pharmaceutical compounds to the peripheral lungs. The system, as shown in Fig. 10, consists of a unit dose disposable container equipped with a nozzle array, a piston assembly, and electronics associated with breath actuation and compliance monitoring functions. ... 

Fig. 10 The metered dose liquid inhaler as shown in Aradigm Corporation s website (www.aradigm.com).

De Young, L.R. Chamber, F. Narayan, S. Wu, C. Albuterol sulphate delivery from the aerodose liquid inhaler. In Respiratory Drug Delivery VI Dalby, R.N., Byron, P.R., Farr, S.J., Peart, J., Eds. Interpharm Press, 1998 315-318. 

Microbiological protection of multiple-dose presentations such as liquid inhalations, nasal sprays, oral liquids, creams, and lotions is more complex. Once opened they are susceptible to microbiological contamination. If they are aqueous-based, they are in principle susceptible to proliferation of these new contaminants. To avoid this, they are formulated with antimicrobial agents or preservatives and are expected to be able to comply with preservative efficacy standards specified in the pharmacopeias. Preservative efficacy tests (not harmonized) are described in Section 51 of the USP and Section VIII. 14 of the PhEur (Fig. 3). 

Poison Gas Flammable Gas Non-Flammable Gas Poisonous Liquid, Inhalation Hazard... 

Deposition mechanisms Inhalation manoeuvre Pulmonary administration Pulmonary drug delivery Therapeutic aerosol Biopharmaceutics Particle size Dry powder inhaler Metered-dose inhaler Nebuhser Novel liquid inhaler... 

Basically four different types of commercially available aerosol generation devices exist dry powder inhalers (DPIs), metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), classic jet and ultrasonic nebulisers and a new class of high-performance liquid inhalers. Each of these categories has many different variations of the same basic design and working principle... 

Compared to classic jet and ultrasonic nebulisers, most novel liquid inhalers have the advantages of ... 

Clear, colorless, odorless liquid. Inhalation can result in asphyxiation. High temperature fumes can cause severe burns to exposed body areas. Prolonged skin immersion may result In digital vasoconstriction. In solid form, can cause decreased resistance to hypothermia SECTION 5 1 First Aid Measures ... 

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