Jet dyeing

Jet cement Jet dyeing Jet dyeing machines Jet engine fuels... 

Another extremely popular machine of this type is the jet dyeing machine which conserves energy by reducing the cloth-to-Hquor ratio to 1 10 or lower as compared to 1 20 for the winch. In this machine, the fabric which is in a rope form is transported by movement of the dye Hquor through a Venturi jet. This method provides intimate contact between the dye Hquor and each meter of material. The machine operates at 40—135°C. 

Fig. 10. Long cylindrical jet dyeing machine. The fabric return and jet are shown inside the main tube. In some designs it could be external to the main tube.

There has been a trend towards so-called multifunctional softeners in which account is taken of various other factors such as hydrophilicity, sewability, antistatic behaviour, lubrication and shearing stability [482]. For example, in jet dyeing a product will require, in addition to softening power ... 

The yellow ink jet dyes (and pigments) are metal-free azo dyes, such as Cl Direct Yellow 132 and Cl Acid Yellow 23 (Tartrazine).48,49 Most of the magentas are azo dyes derived from H-acid (l-amino-8-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid), such as (62), and xanthenes, such as Cl Acid Red 52 and Cl Acid Red 289.48,49 Where high lightfastness is a requirement, a copper complex azo dye, Cl Reactive Red 23 (63), is used. However, such dyes are dull (see Section 9.12.3.2). Nickel complex PAQ dyes, such as (22), are claimed to be brighter and to have similar high lightfastness... 

Ink-Jet Dyes (see Section 5.6). Printing inks based on solvents such as methyl ethyl ketone or alcohol contain laked metallized solvent dyes, for example the statistically mixed 1 2 chromium complex 35 [60] ... 

Irrespective of the printer and solvent system, ink jet dyes have to meet specific requirements [2], some of which are listed in Table 5.8. 

In a first phase of developing ink-jet dyes, commercially available paper, leather, and textile dyes were selected and purified. However, considerable research has been invested in meeting the specific requirements of ink jets, and novel black dyes for monochrome printing and yellow, magenta, and cyan dyes for color printing have been introduced to the market [6],... 

Black Dyes. Water-soluble black ink jet dyes are selected from disazo, polyazo, metal complex, and sulfur dyes [7], For ink-jet systems using the piezo technology, C.I. Direct Black 19, 35255 [6428-31-5] and DirectBlack 154,303865 [54804-85-2 are used. Food Black 2, 27755 [.2118-39-0] was selected for thermal ink-jet printers due to its thermal stability, but this dye exhibits a poor waterfastness. Replacing the sulfo groups by carboxyl groups gave C.I. DirectBlack 195 (1), which has been introduced in commercial printers and shows much improved waterfastness due to pH-dependant differential solubility [3],... 

Currently used water soluble yellow ink-jet dyes include monoazo dyes C.I. Acid Yellow 17, 18965 [6359-98-4] and C.I. Acid Yellow 23, 19140, [1934-21-0] which exhibit symmetrical narrow absorption bands, as well as the disazo dyes C.I. Direct Yellow86, 29325 [50925-42-3] and C.I. Direct Yellow 132 [61968-26-1]. Recently developed, improved yellow dyes include disazo dye 5 of the type C.I. Direct Yellow 86, 29325, but modified by introducing carboxyl groups. Similar to C.I. Direct Black 195, this dye shows a high waterfastness on uncoated paper due to differential, pH-dependant solubility [3,12],... 

Standard cyan ink-jet dyes are C.I. Acid Blue 9, 42090 [3844-45-9] and C.I. DirectBlue 199, 74190 [12222-04-7], C.I. Acid Blue 9 is characterized by a superior brilliancy of shade and high color strength, but this triphenylmethane dye exhibits a low lightfastness. Copper phthalocyanine dye C.I. DirectBlue 199 is suited for many applications due to its superior lightfastness and thermal stability. To improve its moderate waterfastness on plain paper, novel cyan dyes have been launched based on the differential solubility approach by introducing carboxyl groups into the phthalocyanine moiety [3,12],... 

Similar to ink-jet dyes, dyes used for writing, drawing and marking materials fall into two categories water soluble dyes for aqueous inks and dyes for solvent inks [1,5]. Dyes are listed according to application in Tables 5.9-5.13. Many of these dyes can also be used for ink jet applications. However, ink jet dyes have to satisfy more stringent criteria with regard to purify and salt content. 

Ink-Jet Dyes for Special Media. Anionic water-soluble dyes (19) are the dyes of choice for ink-jet printers. The properties required of these ink-jet dyes include high color strength, good stability in the appropriate solvent, good fastness properties (especially to light and water), and high purity. Obviously, the dyes must... 

Ink Dyes for Textiles. The two main textile fibers are cellulose (cotton) and polyester. Ink-jet dyes for cotton are existing textile reactive dyes [18,19] but purified... 

The pressure-jet dyeing machine is unique in that it has no moving parts. The cloth, in rope form, is introduced into a unidirectional liquid stream enclosed in a pipe. Liquor is pumped through a specially designed venturi jet imparting a driving force that moves the fabric. The two fabric ends are sewn together to form a continuous loop. 

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