Bronze Japanese

Adult Japanese beetles are chunky, metallic blue-green, l -in (1-cm) beetles with bronze wing covers, long legs, and fine hairs covering their bodies. They emerge in midsummer and lay eggs in... 

Last, but not least, there is the intentional coloring or patination of metals, of prime importance in sculpture and decorative arts, as this is (in many cases) the key factor in the visual coherence and significance of objects. There is some evidence of their early use in Chinese bronze mirrors, in Japanese sword guards made with alloys especially developed for patination, in the classical Greek and Roman bronzes, in Islamic metalwork, and in cast bronze sculptures from the Renaissance to the present day [280]. 

Chinese and Japanese bronze mirrors dating from the first, fifth, seventh, eleventh, and twelfth centuries have been found to contain between 62 and 74 per cent, of copper associated with other metals. A Corean mirror of the tenth century contains 73 per cent, of copper, and considerable proportions have been found in ancient coins, arrow-heads, and water-pots from these lands.5... 

Cause Japanese beetles. Bronze-green beetles 1 feed on leaves In early summer. 

Leaves skeletonized. Cause Japanese beetles. These V2", metallic blue-green insects with bronze wing covers feed on leaves in early summer. For light infestations, visit plants in the morning while beetles are sluggish and knock them off leaves into jars filled with soapy water, fbr more information, see Leaves skeletonized on page 46. See page 109 for an illustration of this pest. 

Leaves skeletonized flowers eaten. Cause Japanese beetles. This V2" long pest has a metallic blue-green body and bronze wing covers. Besides feeding on leaves, the adult beetles often chew on buds and flowers. Handpick in early morning (when the beetles move more slowly) if there are only a few. 

The earliest Roman bronzes that have come down to us date from the fifth century b.c. and contain tin about 7 per cent, and lead from 19 to 25 per cent. This was the alloy used for casting the large coin (8 to 11 oz) of the Republic, known as the As. These ternary alloys were continued in use as coinage until 20 b.c. but from that date until two centuries later lead is seldom found in Roman coins except as an accidental impurity. The lead was no doubt added partly to increase the fusibility of the alloy and also because of its cheapness as compared with copper and tin. Roman bronze statues often contain 6 to 12 per cent of lead. Gowland states that the Japanese were accustomed to add lead to bronze, not merely for cheapness and increased fluidity but also to enable the development, under suitable treatment, of a rich brown patina J. Pliny gives a tip to the house-wife. When bronzes are cleaned,... 

Our similar study of Japanese coins of the same general time, the mid-1800s (24), found them to be essentially high copper, leaded bronze, with consistently low concentrations of tin and trace concentrations of zinc. This is a large... 

Duncan et al. (1990) have noted the use of brass powders as metallic pigments on Japanese artefacts. Metallic bronze of a grey colour has recently been found on three paintings o f Pemgino, one from the National Gallery, London and two in Florence elemental analysis showed this alloy to contain a ratio of tin to copper of 1 2 which in dry ground powder form appears grey. 

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