James process catalyst

Ammoxidation illustrates several principles. First, it shows the benefit of telescoping two successive processes into one reactor. The Sohio inventor, James D. Idol, Jr., observed that catalysts for two successive stages in an earlier ammoxidation procedure were very similar. He then found that the same catalyst could be used for both, thus eliminating a complete plant stage, at great saving of capital and operating cost ... 

Friedel-Crafts (FC) alkylation, acylation, and sulfonylation reactions are important C-C or C-S bond forming reactions in organic chemistry [60-64], Since the seminal works of Charles Friedel and James Mason Crafts published in 1877 in which they report the use of A1C13 for alkylation reactions [65], the search for more active catalysts, especially for acylation reactions, continues. Due to increasing environmental concerns, the need for green catalysts and processes for the FC reaction has gained significant importance. Bi(III) salts have shown to be efficient and recoverable catalysts with applicability in this area [13]. 

Mannich bases read wilh ketones tvithout basic catalysts to give 1.5-dikctoncs. but this process, known as the thermal-Michael reaction, has a different mechanism Brown Buchanan Curran McLay Tetrahedron 1968,24. 4565 Gill James Lions Potts/. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 4923. 

Principles and applications of electrochemical remediation of industrial discharges are presented by Pallav Tatapudi and James M. Fenton. Essentials of direct and indirect oxidation and reduction, membrane processes, electrodialysis, and treatment of gas streams, and of soils, are complemented by discussions of electrode materials, catalysts, and elements of reactor design. 

Angelo, J. Desmaele, D. Dumas, R Guingant, A. Tetrahedron Asymmetry 1992, 3, 459. i046Mannich bases react with ketones without basic catalysts to give 1,5-diketones, but this process, known as the thermal-Michael reaction, has a different mechanism Brown, H.L. Buchanan, G.L. Curran, A.C.W. McLay, G.W. Tetrahedron 1968, 24, 4565 Gill, N.S. James, K.B. Lions, R Potts, K.T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 4923. 

BASIC Programs for Chemical Engineering Design, James H. Weber Catalyst Poisoning, L. Louis Hegedus and Robert W. McCabe Catalysis of Organic Reactions, edited by John R. Kosak Adsorption Technology A Step-by-Step Approach to Process Evaluation and Application, edited by Frank L. Siejko... 

Friedel-Crafts alkylation is one of the most frequently used and widely studied reactions in organic chemistry. Since the initial discovery by Charles Friedel and James Mason Crafts in 1877, a large number of applications have emerged for the construction of substituted aromatic compounds. Friedel-Crafts alkylation processes involve the replacement of C—H bond of an aromatic ring by an electrophilic partner in the presence of a Lewis acid or Bronsted acid catalyst. Particularly, catalytic asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation is a very attractive, direct, and atom-economic approach for the synthesis of optically active aromatic compounds. However, it took more than 100 years from the discovery of this reaction until the first catalytic asymmetric Friedel-Crafts (AFC) alkylation of naphthol and ethyl pyruvate was realized by Erker in 1990. Nowadays, owing to continued efforts in developing... 

The production of another important chemical and polymer intermediate, acetic acid, was revolutionized by the Wacker process that was introduced in 1960. It was a simple, high yield process for converting ethylene to acetaldehyde, which replaced the older process based on ethanol and acetylene. In the Wacker reaction, the palladium catalyst is reduced and then reoxidized. Ethylene reacts with water and palladium chloride to produce acetaldehyde and palladium metal. The palladium metal is reoxidized by reaction with cupric chloride, which is regenerated by reaction with o gen and hydrochloric acid. In 1968, BASF commercialized an acetic acid process based on the reaction of carbon monoxide and methanol, using carbonyl cobalt promoted with an iodide ion (74). Two years later, however, Monsanto scored a major success with its rhodium salt catalyst with methyl iodide promoter. Developed by James F. Roth, this new catalyst allowed operation at much milder conditions (180°C, 30-40 atm) and demonstrated high selectivity for acetic acid (75). 

An important reaction which enabled many new aromatic compounds to be prepared was that discovered in 1877 by Charles Friedel (1832-1899) and James Mason Crafts (1839-1917). They found that an alkyl or acyl group could be substituted into a benzene ring by the reaction of the aromatic hydrocarbon with an alkyl or acyl halide in the presence of aluminium chloride catalyst. The reaction proved to be of wide application and is particularly useful in the preparation of aromatic ketones and in the formation of a new ring by an intramolecular process (Figure 10.11). 

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