Crafts, James Mason

Coulson Charles A. 328, 691 Cowan Clyde L. 511 Crafts James Mason 703 Cram Donald James 745 Crego Calama Mercedes 856 Cremer Dieter 388 Crepeau Claude 3, 47 Crick Francis 285 Csaszar Attila G. 139 Csizmadia Imre G. 406 Curie-Sklodowska Marie 765, 805 Curtiss Charles F. 760... 

James Mason Crafts (1839-19171 was bo 1 n in Boston, Massachusetts, and graduated from Harvard in 1858, Although he did not receive a Ph D., he studied with eminent chemists in Europe for several years and was appointed in 1868 as the firs professor of chemistry at the newly founded Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Ithaca winters proved too seve-e, however, and he soon moved to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he served as president from 1897 to 1900. 

Friedel became internationally known for the synthetic method called the Friedel-Crafts Reaction using aluminum chloride as a catalyst in the the introduction of an alkyl or acyl group into benzene. James Mason Crafts was an American professor from MIT working with Friedel in 1877 at the Sorbonne. Crafts later became president of MIT. 

Friedel, C. Crafts, J. M. Compt. Rend. 1877, 84, 1392. Charles Friedel (1832-1899) was born in Strasbourg, France. He earned his Ph.D. in 1869 under Wurtz at Sorbonne and became a professor and later chair (1884) of organic chemistry at Sorbonne. Friedel was one of the founders of the French Chemical Society and served as its president for four terms. James Mason Crafts (1839-1917) was bom in Boston, Massachusetts. He studied under Bunsen and Wurtz in his youth and became a professor at Cornell and MIT. From 1874 to 1891, Crafts collaborated with Friedel at Ecole de Mines in Paris, where they discovered the Friedel-Crafts reaction. He returned to MIT... 

Friedel-Crafts (FC) alkylation, acylation, and sulfonylation reactions are important C-C or C-S bond forming reactions in organic chemistry [60-64], Since the seminal works of Charles Friedel and James Mason Crafts published in 1877 in which they report the use of A1C13 for alkylation reactions [65], the search for more active catalysts, especially for acylation reactions, continues. Due to increasing environmental concerns, the need for green catalysts and processes for the FC reaction has gained significant importance. Bi(III) salts have shown to be efficient and recoverable catalysts with applicability in this area [13]. 

Figure 6.1 Charles Friedel and James Mason Crafts [39],...

Friedel-Crafts reaction. A type of reaction involving anhydrous aluminum chloride and similar metallic halides as catalysts, discovered in 1877 by Charles Friedel, a French chemist (1832-1899), and James Mason Crafts, an American chemist (1830-1917), during joint research in France it has been developed since then for many important industrial uses, exemplified by the condensation of ethyl chloride and benzene to form ethylbenzene and the manufacture of acetophenone from acetyl chloride and benzene. The name is now applied to a wide variety of acid-catalyzed organic reactions. 

It was only in 1877 that Charles Friedel (Strasbourg, France Figure 1.1) and James Mason Crafts (Boston, Massachusetts Figure 1.2) published together a paper entitled "Sur une nouvelle methode generale de s)mthese d hydrocarbures, d acetones, etc.," that gave a clear statement on the crucial role of the metal halide as catalyst in the alkylation as well as acylation of aromatic compounds. ... 

Figure 1.2 James Mason Crafts. (From http //www.brynmawr.edu. With permission.)...

PPS was discovered by Charles Friedel and James Mason Crafts in 1888. In 1967, Edmonds and Hill of Phillips Petroleum Company developed a method for producing PPS through the synthesis of p-dichloro-benzene and sodium sulfide. The commercial production of PPS started in 1972. In addition, varieties of PPS have been described, which are shown in Figure 5.1. 

Friedel-Crafts alkylation is one of the most frequently used and widely studied reactions in organic chemistry. Since the initial discovery by Charles Friedel and James Mason Crafts in 1877, a large number of applications have emerged for the construction of substituted aromatic compounds. Friedel-Crafts alkylation processes involve the replacement of C—H bond of an aromatic ring by an electrophilic partner in the presence of a Lewis acid or Bronsted acid catalyst. Particularly, catalytic asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation is a very attractive, direct, and atom-economic approach for the synthesis of optically active aromatic compounds. However, it took more than 100 years from the discovery of this reaction until the first catalytic asymmetric Friedel-Crafts (AFC) alkylation of naphthol and ethyl pyruvate was realized by Erker in 1990. Nowadays, owing to continued efforts in developing... 

Charles Friedel (Strasbourg, 12 March 1832-Montauban, 20 April 1899) was (1876) professor of mineralogy in the Sorbonne and succeeded Wurtz as professor of organic chemistry in the Sorbonne (1884-99). With James Mason Crafts (Boston, 1839-Ridgefield, Conn., 20 June 1917), professor in and later president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he discovered the use of aluminium chloride in reactions of synthesis, e.g. of homologues of benzene. Friedel prepared a number of artificial minerals (quartz, tridymite, rutile, etc.), often in collaboration with Edmund Sarasin, from 1879. FriedeFs discovery of secondary propyl alcohoF verified Kolbe s prediction of its... 

The add-catalyzed syntheses of alkylated and acylated aromatic compounds, first discovered by Charles Friedel and James Mason Crafts in 1877, are well-known electrophilic substitution reactions finding broad application in the chemical industry. 

Alkylation of aromatic compounds (eqs. 4.10 and 4.11) is referred to as the Friedel-Crafts reaction, after Charles Friedel (French) and James Mason Crafts (American), who first discovered the reaction in 1877. The electrophile is a carbocation, which can be formed either by removing a halide ion from an alkyl halide with a Lewis acid catalyst (for example, AICI3) or by adding a proton to an alkene. For example, the synthesis of ethylbenzene can be carried out as follows ... 

An important reaction which enabled many new aromatic compounds to be prepared was that discovered in 1877 by Charles Friedel (1832-1899) and James Mason Crafts (1839-1917). They found that an alkyl or acyl group could be substituted into a benzene ring by the reaction of the aromatic hydrocarbon with an alkyl or acyl halide in the presence of aluminium chloride catalyst. The reaction proved to be of wide application and is particularly useful in the preparation of aromatic ketones and in the formation of a new ring by an intramolecular process (Figure 10.11). 

James Mason Crafts (1839-1917) Crafts was Professor of Chemistry at Cornell University and later at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he eventually became President. Crafts studied with Bunsen (Germany) and Wurtz (France) and also worked on the organic compounds of silicon. Crafts was, of course, the codiscoverer of the Friedel-Crafts reaction. He also carried out investigations in the area of thermochemistry, catalytic effects in concentrated solutions, and determination of the densities of the halogens at high temperatures. ... 

James Mason Grafts discover that an aluminum chloride catalyst transforms organic chlorides into hydrocarbons and acid halides into ketones. This becomes known as the Friedel-Crafts reaction and is important in chemical synthesis. French physicist Louis-Paul Cailletet and Swiss physicist Raoul Pictet liquefy ojQ gen. 

Friedel-Crafts reaction Charles Eriedel (Erance) and James Mason... 

In 1877, Charles Friedel and James Mason Crafts [30a, b] corporately discovered that treatment of amyl chloride with aluminum strips in benzene led to the formation of amylben-zene. This type of transformation was found to be general for alkyl halides and aromatics under the catalysis of Lewis acid. Along with the discovery of the closely related acylation [30c, d], these two men are best remembered by Friedel-Crafts reaction that bears their names. With various modem modifications that appeared in the Uterature, including enan-tioselective variants [31], Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation have already become one of the most powerful C—C bond forming reactions in organic chemistry [32]. These methods are recognized to date as of fundamental importance not only in acadania but also in industry [33]. As shown in Scheme 10.18, some heteroaromatics, instead of the aryl component or alcohol, and alkenes instead of halides can be used as suitable substrates. Also, other common Lewis acids like BFj, TiCl, SnCl, ScfOTOj, etc., and Brpnsted acids snch as HF, H SO, and superacids (e.g., HF SbFj, HS03-SbFj) can also used as catalysts. 

The early visibility and importance of the chemical discipline were reflected in the promotion of chemists to university leadership at the turn of the century. Examples include Thomas M. Drown (President, Lehigh, 1895-1904) James Mason Crafts (President, MIT, 1897-1900) Francis P. Venable (President, North Carolina, 1900-1914) Ira Remsen (President, Johns Hopkins, 1901-1913) and Edgar Fahs Smith (Provost, Pennsylvania, 1911— 1920). The new currents in administration and their intellectual rationale were also studied closely by the period s outstanding president, the chemist Charles W. Eliot of Harvard. The subsequent decay in the visibility of chemistry is reflected in the decline of such appointments. Despite the enormous increase in the number of colleges and universities, the record decade for the appointment of chemists to permanent presidencies was 1910-1919 (Figure 6.1-4). 

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