James machine

ASTM D 2047 Standard Test Method for Static Coefficient of Friction of Polish-Coated Floor Surfaces as Measured by the James Machine ... 

The ASTM procedure primarily describes measuring the slip resistance of surface to shoe material tested, such as a shoe sole, in terms of static coefficient of friction. The test employs the laboratory-only device named James machine which measures friction between a tested surface and a square pad of leather 3 X 3 in. by 0.25 in. thick. The James machine applies a known constant vertical force to the test pad, and then applies an increasing lateral force until a slip occurs. The test table of the machine moves forward uniformly at a rate of 1 in./s until the piece of leather mounted on a shoe slips and the vertical column of the machine drops. The principal readout of the test procedure is a recording on the chart graph marked with coefficient of friction lines. Hence, the machine provides results directly in values of static coefficient of friction. The test is conducted on three panels of the materials in four mutually perpendicular directions, giving total twelve readings for each material. 

Note of the author The ASTM test does not specify specimen sample. However, standard size composite boards are often too narrow for the James machine. It is recommended that boards were cut to approximately IT long and two pieces were glued together to make up samples that were 9" X 11". 

Unlike James machine (see above), the English XL tribometer does not rely on gravity, but is powered by a small carbon dioxide cartridge at a set pressure (see... 

ASTM F 1678 Standard test method for using a portable articulated strut slip tester The method is similar in principle with ASTM D 2047 (the James machine) however, it employs a portable device and can test actual floors or decks. Besides, it uses a graduated rod that provides a direct reading from the device. Some calculations are required to convert this to a slip-resistance measurement. In the literature, the method is sometimes called Mark I. 

James machine, 376 Juniper wood flour, 98 Jute fiber, 82, 83, 86, 90, 110... 

A.STM F489 96. Standard le.st method for static coefficient of friction of shoe sole and heel materials as measured by the James machine. 

Riswadkar, A. V., Hotel and Motel Management, Edgell Communications Inc, Duluth, MN, 1991. ASTM Standard F 1677-96 Static Coefficient of Friction of Polish Coated Floor Surfaces as Measured by James Machine, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, American Society for Testing Materials, Vol. 15.07, November 2002, Philadelphia, PA. 

Static coefficient of ffiction of polish-coated flooring surface is measured by the James machine. The method measures coefficient of friction between test surface (e.g., shoe soles or heel materials) and walkway surface. Floor surfaces, which have static coefficient of friction of less than 0.5, are non-hazardous. Static coefficient is obtained from the recording chart at the point the recorded curve changes to a vertical line. The method of preparation of test panels is described in the separate standard. The James machine is calibrated by the use of a standard leather and board according to the procedure described in a separate standard. ... 

The James machine is also used for testing the dry static coefficient of friction of shoe sole and heel materials. The tendency to slip may be influenced by other factors than those studied by testing in the James machine (e.g., lubricants or other foreign materials either on shoe material or on a walking surface). The acceptable levels of slip resistance may not predict resistance to slipping while walking. 

ASTM F489-96el Standard Test Method for Using a James Machine, (withdrawn 2005). 

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