Heel material

A.STM F489 96. Standard le.st method for static coefficient of friction of shoe sole and heel materials as measured by the James machine. 

Static coefficient of ffiction of polish-coated flooring surface is measured by the James machine. The method measures coefficient of friction between test surface (e.g., shoe soles or heel materials) and walkway surface. Floor surfaces, which have static coefficient of friction of less than 0.5, are non-hazardous. Static coefficient is obtained from the recording chart at the point the recorded curve changes to a vertical line. The method of preparation of test panels is described in the separate standard. The James machine is calibrated by the use of a standard leather and board according to the procedure described in a separate standard. ... 

The James machine is also used for testing the dry static coefficient of friction of shoe sole and heel materials. The tendency to slip may be influenced by other factors than those studied by testing in the James machine (e.g., lubricants or other foreign materials either on shoe material or on a walking surface). The acceptable levels of slip resistance may not predict resistance to slipping while walking. 

Static slip resistance of footwear sole and heel materials can be measured using a horizontal pull slipmeter. The force required to cause one body in contact with another to begin to move is called static slip resistance. The ratio of the force required to initiate movement and the perpendicular force between surfaces is known as coefficient of friction. Coefficient of friction multiplied by a factor of 10 is known as slip index and this is measured by the horizontal pull slipmeter. Similarly, the result of measurement of slip resistance may not fully predict resistance to slipping while walking. Surface of tested materials is slightly sanded to remove the effect of mold release materials. 

A portable inclinable articulated strut slip tester, PIAST, was developed to test sole and heel materials against planar walkway surfaces, or walkway surrogates in a laboratory or field under dry, wet, or contaminated conditions. Each measurement is specific to the conditions under which it is conducted but a variety... 

A similar machine, known as a portable articulated strut slip tester, PAST, is also used to measure sole and heel materials in laboratory and field under dry conditions. The results of testing may be recalculated to the coefficient of friction using a simple formula and coefficient supplied by the manufacturer of the instrument. 

Manufacture. Phosphoms sulfides are manufactured commercially by direct reaction of the elements. Elemental phosphoms and sulfur are measured into a reaction vessel containing a heel of molten phosphoms sulfide. The reaction can be batch or continuous. The ratio of phosphoms to sulfur in the feed determines which phosphoms sulfur compound (Table 5) is formed. The reaction temperature can be the boiling point or lower. For the boiling reactor (27,28), the phosphoms sulfide product is first purified by distillation and then condensed to a Hquid. Alternatively, the Hquid product can be formed directly in a nondistiUed process (29—31), which may involve a subsequent distillation step (30), and in which the phosphoms is often cleaned up prior to use (30—32). For either process, the Hquid phosphoms sulfide product is soHdified, and usually sized to form a commercial material. 

Hard products may also be made by vulcanising rubber (natural or synthetic) using only about two parts of sulphur per 100 parts of rubber. In these cases either the so-called high-styrene resins or phenolie rubber compounding resins are ineorporated into the formulation. These compounds are processed using the methods of rubber technology but, like those of ebonite, the produets are more akin to plastics than to rubbers. Examples of the usage of these materials are to be found in battery boxes, shoe heels and ear washer brushes. 

Dissolution. Plutonium is solubilized in nitric acid solutions at Rocky Flats. The feed material consists of oxide, metal and glass, dissolution heels, incinerator ash and sand, slag, and crucible from reduction operations. The residues are contacted with 12M HNO3 containing CaF2 or HF to hasten dissolution. Following dissolution, aluminum nitrate is added to these solutions to complex the excess fluoride ion. 

Many industrial reactors operate in the fed-batch mode. It is also called the semibatch mode. In this mode of operation, reactants are charged to the system at various times, and products are removed at various times. Occasionally, a heel of material from a previous batch is retained to start the new batch. 

With a loop which is bent at a right angle, transfer to a slide (2 by 3 in.) two loops of surface material beside 1 drop of saline and two loops beside 1 drop of iodine. With the heel of the loop, mix first the saline and then the iodine with the surface material. Cover each mixture with a 22-mm no. 1 cover slip. The slide should be made within 20 min. 

An alloy of lead, tin and antimony with a melting point about 180 °C, used as a material for making moulds for articles such as soles, heels and interlocking tiles. When the mould becomes off-size or damaged it is melted down and recast. White Spirit... 

Starting materials (specification, nature, properties), eg. Impurities with catalytic effect Concentration increases/ decreases Residues (heels) from previous use Lowering of activator/ inhibitor concentration (e.g. due to storage beyond expiration) ... 

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