Ixodes scapularis

Borrelia burgdorferi North America Ixodes damnum, Ixodes pacificus, Ixodes scapularis... 

Babesiosis A group of tick-bome diseases of mammals including zoonoses in humans. They are caused by protozoans of the genus babesia, which parasitize erythrocytes, produdng hemolysis. In the U.S., the organism s natural host is mice and transmission is by the deer tick ixodes scapularis. [nih]... 

A system for managing tick vectors of human Lyme disease is currently sold in the United States. Consisting of a plastic box that allows white-footed mice, hosts for the nymphal deer tick vector Ixodes scapularis), to enter and receive a swipe of a liquid fipronil formulation on their backs, this system significantly reduces the number of adult and larval ticks on the mice, the infection rate of the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi) in the mice and the number of host-seeking nymphs on treated properties [137]. The system effectively interrupts the natural disease cycle and can lead to reduced numbers of human cases of Lyme disease when used properly. 

Pal, U., Yang, X., Chen, M., Bockenstedt, L.K., Anderson, J.F., Flavell, R.A., Norgaard, M.V., and Fikrig, E. (2004) OspC facilitates Borrelia burgdorferi invasion of Ixodes scapularis salivary glands. J. Clin. Invest. 113, 220-230. 

Teglas,M.B.andFoley,J. (2006) Differences in thetransmissibility of two Anap/aima phagocytophilum strains by the North American tick vector species, Ixodes pacific us and Ixodes scapularis (Acari Ixodidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 38,47-58. 

Francischati IM, Valenzuela JG, Andersen JF et aL Ixolaris, a novel recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) from the salivary gland of the tick, Ixodes scapularis identification of factor X and faaor Xa as scaffolds for the inhibition of faaor Vlla/tissue factor complex. Blood 2002 99 3602-3612. 

Narasimhan S, Koski RA, Beaulieu B et al. A novel family of anticoagulants from the saliva of Ixodes scapularis. Insect Mol Biol 2002 11 641-650. 

Anguita J, Ramamoorthi N, Hovius JW et aL Salpl5, an Ixodes scapularis salivary protein, inhibits CD4 T-cell activation. Immunity 2002 16(6) 849-859. 

Schoeler GB, Manweiler SA, Wikel SK. Ixodes scapularis effects of repeated infestations with pathogen-free nymphs on macrophage and T-lymphocyte cytokine responses of BALB/c and C3H/ HeN mice. Exp Parasitol 1999 92(4) 239-248. 

Sukumaran B, Narasimhan S. Anderson JF et aL An Ixodes scapularis protein required fr>r survival of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in tick salivary glands. J q> Med 2006 203(6) 1507-1517. 

Das S, Bancrjee G, DePonte K et al. Salp25D, an Ixodes scapularis Antioxidant, Is 1 of 14 immunodominant antigens in engorged tick salivary glands. J Infect Dis 2001 184(8) 1056-1064. 

Narasimhan S, DePonte K, Marcantonio N et al. Immunity against Ixodes scapularis salivary proteins expressed within 24 hours of attachment thwarts tick feeding and impaits Borrelia transmission. PLoS ONE 2007 2 e451. 

Sheele JM, Byers PA, Sonenshine DE. Initial assessment of the ability of ivermectin to loll Ixodes scapularis and Dermacentor variabilis ticks feeding on humatts. Wilderness Environ Med 2013 24 48-52. 

Ixodes scapularis saliva contains an IL-2 binding protein that complexes with IL-2 in the fluid phase rather dian by acting directly upon the cytokine producing cell (87). This IL-2 binding protein can potentially influence any lL-2 responsive cell population, and it has similar affinities for human and mouse EL-2... 

Figure 14.2 Arthropod vector of disease Ixodes scapularis carries Lyme disease. A black and tvhite version of this figure tvill appear in some formats. For the colour version, please refer to the plate section.

Dolan MC, Jordan RA, Schulze TL, Schulze CJ, Manning MC, Ruffolo D, Schmidt JP, Piesman J, Karchesy JJ. Ahihty of two natural products, nootkatone and carvacrol, to suppress Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum (Acari Ixodidae) in a lyme disease endemic area of New Jersey. J. Econ. Entomol 2009 102 2316-2324. 

N. A. PaneUa et al. Susceptibihty of immature Ixodes scapularis (Acari Ixodidae) to plant-derived acari-cides. J Med Entomol, 34, 340, 1997. 

G. Dietrich et al. Repellent activity of liactioned compounds from Chamaecyparis nootkatensis essential oil against nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Acari Ixodidae). J Med Entomol, 43, 957, 2006. 

R. A. Jordan et al. Efficacy of plant-derived and synthetie eompounds on clothing as repellents against Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum (Acari Ixodidae). JMed Entomol, 49,101,2012. 

J. F. Carroll, C. L. Cantrell, J. A. Klun, and M. Kramer, Repellency of two terpenoid compounds isolated from Callicarpa americana (Lamiaceae) against Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum ticks, Exp. Appl. AcaroL, 41 215-224, 2007. 

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