Isomerization interconversion

In 2002, Winter and coworkers reported that aminoallenylidene complexes trans-[Cl(dppm)2Ru=C=C=C(NRR )(CH3)] were obtained from the regioselective addition of secondary amines to frans-[Cl(dppm)2Ru=C=C=C=CH2] [133]. They also found that unsymmetrically substituted amines gave rise to Z/E isomeric mixtures. To study the Z/E isomeric interconversion, they calculated the rotational barrier around the C—N bond of the model complex shown in Scheme 4.23. The orthogonal... 

Gompared with vinylidene complexes, allenylidne complexes are not well studied theoretically. In this chapter, theoretical calculations of an allenylidene-vinylvinyli-dene equilibrium and the Z/E isomeric interconversion of aminoallenylidene ruthenium complexes were summarized. 

Rotational isomerism. Interconversion of rotational isomers or rotamers. 

In the non-crystalline state polyamide and polyester chains do not contain exclusively anti- or syn- conformers, but a mixture of both placements. Under strain these are easily allowed to interconvert in order to release the stress [412, 663, 664]. In the case of the aromatic polyamides at least, 60° ring flips also contribute to stress release [663]. These isomeric interconversions involve relatively low energy-barrier rotational motions, resulting in substantial reduction in the forces needed to strain such chains and a commensurate drop in modulus. Isolated aromatic polyamide or polyester chains, each free to adopt several conformational isomers, have, then, lower modulus than when present in the crystal, fully extended in a single conformational isomeric state. 

There are a lot of examples that can support this proposition. I find the results we obtained in our laboratory constitute a compelling example of this point of view. The discovery that some metal complexes may undergo redox isomeric interconversion upon irradiation at cryogenic temperatmes opened a challenging topic in materials science because of the potential application of the phenomenon for designing memory devices [26-31]. In particular, we are investigating some cobalt-catecholato derivatives that exhibit a photoinduced interconversion... 

BASE-PROMOTED INTERCONVERSIONS BETWEEN ACETYLENES AND CUMULENES 1. ISOMERIZATIONS WITH CATALYTIC AMOUNTS OF BASE... 

When this isomeiization reaction is catalyzed by alkah, it is termed the Lobry de Bmyn-Alberda van Ekenstein reaction. By it, D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-fmctose can be interconverted. The isomerizations involve a common intermediate, the 1,2-enediol. In the Glu—Man—Fm interconversions... 

The configuration of pairs of isomeric 4-aryIidene-5-pyrazoIones, (Z)- and (E)-(117), was determined by H NMR data (72G491). When R is H, the E configuration is preferred when it is a methyl or a phenyl group, the Z configuration predominates. The presence of an exocyclic sulfur atom as in (118) lowers the interconversion barrier and the products... 

Annular tautomerism does not occur in isothiazoles or benzisothiazoles. Substituent tautomers can sometimes be distinguished by chemical methods, but it is important that reaction mechanisms and the relative rates of interconversion of tautomeric starting materials or isomeric reaction products are carefully investigated. Physical methods only will be considered in this section, and references to original publications can be found in a comprehensive review (76AHC(S1)1). 

The same arguments can be applied to other energetically facile interconversions of two potential reactants. For example, many organic molecules undergo rapid proton shifts (tautomerism), and the chemical reactivity of the two isomers may be quite different It is not valid, however, to deduce the ratio of two tautomers on the basis of subsequent reactions that have activation energies greater than that of the tautomerism. Just as in the case of conformational isomerism, the ratio of products formed in subsequent reactions will not be controlled by the position of the facile equilibrium. 

Aromatic compounds such as toluene, xylene, and phenol can photosensitize cis-trans interconversion of simple alkenes. This is a case in which the sensitization process must be somewhat endothermic because of the energy relationships between the excited states of the alkene and the sensitizers. The photostationary state obtained under these conditions favors the less strained of the alkene isomers. The explanation for this effect can be summarized with reference to Fig. 13.12. Isomerization takes place through a twisted triplet state. This state is achieved by a combination of energy transfer Irom the sensitizer and thermal activation. Because the Z isomer is somewhat higher in energy, its requirement for activation to the excited state is somewhat less than for the E isomer. If it is also assumed that the excited state forms the Z- and -isomers with equal ease, the rate of... 

Still another possibility of isomerization is illustrated by the easy interconversions between pentaphenylpentadienoie aeid chloride and 2-chloropentaphenyl-3-eyelopenten-l-one. Interestingly, 2,4,6-trimethylpjrrylium iodide maj be sublimed without decomposition in a vacuum, possibly as a covalent 6-iodo-4-methyl-3,5-heptadien-2-one or 2-iodo-2,4,6-trimethyl-2H-pyran valenee isomer. In a related case, chlorocyclopropenes are covalent and are converted into cyclo-propenium derivatives only by the action of Friedel-Crafts catalysts (electron-deficient metallic chlorides) (ef. also Section II,C, 2,c.)... 

This conclusion is valid also for the isomerizations involving cyclization of diazides 344a (R = Na.Y = CH) [74JOC1778 76AHC(Sl),p. 498]. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of type 344a 344b interconversion... 

Electroreductions of 2//-thiopyrans 13a and 13b each afforded an equimolar mixture of isomeric dihydrothiopyrans 14a and 14b (Scheme 4) (97MI2). Although the products were not separated, no 13a 13b or 14a 14b interconversion was... 

Representatives of all three types of isomeric 1,3-oxazines 82-84 (X = O) and 1,3-thiazines 82-84 (X = S) and of the corresponding partially hydrogenated derivatives are known. However, no tautomeric interconversions between these structures have been observed. 

Because chair cyclohexane has two kinds of positions, axial and equatorial, we might expect to find two isomeric forms of a monosubstituted cyclohexane. In fact, we don t. There is only one methylcyclohexane, one bromocydohexane, one cycJohexanol (hydroxycyclohexane), and so on, because cyclohexane rings are confbnnationally mobile at room temperature. Different chair conformations readily interconvert, exchanging axial and equatorial positions. This interconversion, usually called a ring-flip, is shown in Figure 4.11. 

A carbonyl compound with a hydrogen atom on its a carbon rapidly equilibrates with its corresponding enol (Section 8.4). This rapid interconversion between two substances is a special kind of isomerism known as keto-enol tautomerism, from the Greek Canto, meaning "the same," and meros, meaning "part." The individual isomers are called tautomers. 

Interconversion of the four tautomeric azepines. either by [1,5]-H sigmatropic shifts, or under base catalysis, is common and almost always results in the formation of a 3//-azepine. For example, 1 //-azepine (1) in the presence of trimethylamine isomerizes rapidly to the 3H-tautomer 2 accompanied by formation of some polymer.9... 

This is the same case with which in Eqs. (2)-(4) we demonstrated the elimination of the time variable, and it may occur in practice when all the reactions of the system are taking place on the same number of identical active centers. Wei and Prater and their co-workers applied this method with success to the treatment of experimental data on the reversible isomerization reactions of n-butenes and xylenes on alumina or on silica-alumina, proceeding according to a triangular network (28, 31). The problems of more complicated catalytic kinetics were treated by Smith and Prater (32) who demonstrated the difficulties arising in an attempt at a complete solution of the kinetics of the cyclohexane-cyclohexene-benzene interconversion on Pt/Al203 catalyst, including adsorption-desorption steps. 

Since sulfoxides and sulfones are versatile synthetic intermediates, and since in both the thiolene oxide and dioxides the reverse dethionylation114 ( — SO), and cheletropic extrusion of sulfur dioxide296, respectively, readily take place thermally, these cycloadditions are expected to find a useful place in organic synthesis. It should be kept in mind, however, that the retrograde SO-diene reaction and interconversion of the thiolene oxides compete effectively against SO extrusion on heating, and that diene isomerization accompanies the forward reaction (SO + diene). 

Owing to the reversible nature of the allylic sulfenate/allylic sulfoxide interconversion, the stereochemical outcome of both processes is treated below in an integrated manner. However, before beginning the discussion of this subject it is important to point out that although the allylic sulfoxide-sulfenate rearrangement is reversible, and although the sulfenate ester is usually in low equilibrium concentration with the isomeric sulfoxide, desulfurization of the sulfenate by thiophilic interception using various nucleophiles, such as thiophenoxide or secondary amines, removes it from equilibrium, and provides a useful route to allylic alcohols (equation 11). 

Tautomers are defined as isomers which are readily interconvertible. It is clear that the distinction between tautomerism and ordinary isomerism is very vague indeed, and that it depends on the interpretation of the adverb readily. It is customary to designate as tautomers those isomers whose half-lives (with respect to interconversion) are under ordinary circumstances less than the times required for laboratory operations to be carried out (some minutes or hours), so that the separation of the isomers from the equilibrium mixtures is difficult. The distinction between tautomers and ordinary isomers has no molecular significance whatever, since it is dependent on the accidental ordinary rate of human activity. 

In some cases, the two stereoisomers can interconvert. In cis- and trans-disubstituted cyclopropanones, for example, there is reversible interconversion that favors the more stable trans isomer. This fluxional isomerization occurs via ring opening to an unseen oxyallyl valence bond isomer. ... 

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