Isolation from Bacillus species

It is interesting that all of these structurally-related compounds, with the exception of the xenocoumacins, were isolated from Bacillus species. 

Alkylpyrazines such as 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, and 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine were isolated from Bacillus species [307, 308]. The marine aectic bacterium from the Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteriodes (CFB) phylum produces 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine and 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine [309]. The potential pathways for the formation of alkylpyrazines have been discussed by several authors. Murray et al. suggested a biosynthetic pathway for the formation of... 

There have been three reports of the same dimeric disulfide. It was first isolated from an unidentified sponge from Guam and the structure elucidated by analysis of spectral data. The (E,E) stereochemistry of the disulfide (500) was defined by comparing the I3C NMR spectroscopic data with those of the (E,Z)-isomer (501) that was obtained as an unstable minor product [425]. Compound 500 was isolated from a species of Psammaplysilla and was called psammaplin A [426]. It was also isolated from Thorectopsamma xana, collected from the same location in Guam, together with a minor dimeric metabolite bisaprasin (502). Both compounds inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis [427]. Psammaplin A (bisprasin) (500) was later isolated from a Dysidea species of sponge and shown to act on Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release channels of skeletal muscle [428]. 

Restriction enzymes are named after the bacterium from which they are isolated. For example, EcoRI is from Escherichia coli, and BamEII is from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Table 40-2). The first three letters in the restriction enzyme name consist of the first letter of the genus (E) and the first two letters of the species (co). These may be followed by a strain designation (R) and a roman numeral (I) to indicate the order of discov-ery (eg, EcoRI, EcoRIE). Each enzyme recognizes and cleaves a specific double-stranded DNA sequence that is 4—7 bp long. These DNA cuts result in blunt ends (eg,... 

Since these early discoveries, xylose isomerases have been isolated from many bacterial species, and these enzymes have been intense investigated, especially those of the genera Streptomyces, Lactobacillus, and Bacillus. The characteristics of substrate specificity (xylose glucose > ribose), divalent metal cation activation (Mg, Mn or Co ), and activity at alkaline pH are properties that most of the enzymes share to a certain extent, but significant variations exist. Some of these em es have been immobilized and patented for commercial use. There are many good reviews in the literature that describe the enzymatic characteristics of the xylose isomerases 9,28,29). 

Kalihinols G (277) and H (278) were trace components of a species of Acanthella from Guam and kalihinol X (279) was isolated from a Fijian species of Acanthella. All inhibited growth of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans [278]. 10-Epi-isokalihinol H (280) and 15-isothiocyanato-l-epi-kalihinene (281) were isolated from Acanthella cavernosa from the Seychelles [279]. A Japanese specimen of A. cavernosa contained a sesquiterpene isothiocyanate (282) and 10 3-formamido-5p-isothiocyanatokalihinol A (283). Structures were assigned by spectral data interpretation [280]. Phakellia pulcherrima from the Philippines contained the minor diterpene isothiocyanates kalihinol L (284), 10-isothiocyanatokalihinol G (285), 10-epi-kalihinol H (286) and 10-isothiocyanatokalihinol C (287) [281]. 10-Epi-kalihinol I (288) and 5,10-bisisothiocyanatokalihinol G (289) were isolated from an Acanthella sp. from Okinawa [282]. 

Arrows indicate the phosphodiester bonds cleaved by each restriction endonuclease, Asterisks indicate bases that are methylated by the corresponding methylase (where known), N denotes any base. Note that the name of each enzyme consists of a three-letter abbreviation (in italics) of the bacterial species from which it is derived, sometimes followed by a strain designation and Roman numerals to distinguish different restriction endonucleases isolated from the same bacterial species, Thus BamHI is the first (I) restriction endonuclease characterized from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, strain H. 

A number of catechols of lower molecular weight, which have siderophoric properties, have been isolated. Examples are shown in Figure 46. All organisms synthesizing enterobactin also form 2,3-dihydroxybenzoylserine, while a number of related species are also present. One of these, itoic acid, from Bacillus subtilis was the first phenolate siderophoric ligand to be isolated.1185... 

The marker substance for Bacillus endospores is calcium dipicolinate (CaDPA). One approach is the isolation of CaDPA from a minimal amount of spores and its subsequent identification by SERS spectroscopy [97]. The detection of CaDPA in endospores was used for the detection of minimal amount of spores [98] even in automated mail sorting systems [99]. The detection of CaDPA does not give any information about the Bacillus species present. The investigation of the components in the outmost layers of the endospores, the outer sporecoat, or the exosporium will lead to more precise information,... 

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