Isobutanol, oxidation

Isobutyl alcohol, isobutanol, 2-methyl-propanol, isopropyl carbinol, Me2CHCH20H. B.p. 108°C. Occurs in fusel-oil. Oxidized by potassium permanganate to 2-methyl-propanoic acid dehydrated by strong sulphuric acid to 2-methylpropene. 

Indenopyrene, see Indeno[l,2,3-crf pyrene l//-Indole, see Indole Indolene, see Indoline Inexit, see Lindane Inhibisol, see 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Insecticide 497, see Dieldrin Insecticide 4049, see Malathion Insectophene, see a-Endosulfan, p-Endosulfan Intox 8, see Chlordane Inverton 245, see 2,4,5-T lodomethane, see Methyl iodide IP, see Indeno[l,2,3-crf pyrene IP3, see Isoamyl alcohol Ipaner, see 2,4-D IPE, see Isopropyl ether IPH, see Phenol Ipersan, see Trifluralin Iphanon, see Camphor Isceon 11, see Trichlorofluoromethane Isceon 122, see Dichlorodifluoromethane Iscobrome, see Methyl bromide Iscobrome D, see Ethylene dibromide Isoacetophorone, see Isophorone a-Isoamylene, see 3-Methyl-l-butene Isoamyl ethanoate, see Isoamyl acetate Isoamylhydride, see 2-Methylbutane Isoamylol, see Isoamyl alcohol Isobac, see 2,4-Dichlorophenol Isobenzofuran-l,3-dione, see Phthalic anhydride 1,3-Isobenzofurandione, see Phthalic anhydride IsoBuAc, see Isobutyl acetate IsoBuBz, see Isobutylbenzene Isobutane, see 2-Methylpropane Isobutanol, see Isobutyl alcohol Isobutene, see 2-Methylpropene Isobutenyl methyl ketone, see Mesityl oxide Isobutyl carbinol, see Isoamyl alcohol Isobutylene, see 2-Methylpropene Isobutylethylene, see 4-Methyl-l-pentene Isobutyl ketone, see Diisobutyl ketone Isobutyl methyl ketone, see 4-Methyl-2-pentanone Isobutyltrimethylmethane, see 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Isocumene, see Propylbenzene Isocyanatomethane, see Methyl isocyanate Isocyanic acid, methyl ester, see Methyl isocyanate Isocyanic acid, methylphenylene ester, see 2,4-Toluene-diisocyanate... 

Total thiamine Milk Enzymatic hydrolysis of protein with trypsin and thiamine phosphates to thiamine with claradiastase oxidation of thiamine to thiochrome using ferricyanide (derivatization stopped with sodium sulphite) thiochrome extracted with 1-butanol Analytical Nucleosil Phenyl (150 mm, 5 fi Macherey-Nagel). Isocratic methanol + acetonitrile + isobutanol + water (80 +10+10+5 v/v/v/v). 0.7 ml/min. Fluorescence 375/430 nm (ex/em). External standardization. 76 Recoveries 95% thiamine as thiochrome from milk. 

In hydrocarbons a variety of by-products was formed. Propylene oxide gave some j8-hydroxyisobutyraldehyde as well as the normal product, also acetone, isobutyraldehyde, methacrolein, n-butyraldehyde, isobutanol, crotonaldehyde, and n-butanol. Presumably these by-products were formed by dehydration and hydrogenation of the hydroxyaldehydes, except for acetone which was formed by isomerization. The side reactions can be kept to a minimum by operating below 95° C (160). Fewer by-products appear to be formed using alcohols as solvents. Using methanol, Eisenmann (24) noted that carbon monoxide had an inhibitory effect at high pressures. 

In the case of isobutanol dehydration, a promotional effect is observed (47). Isobutanol forms a surface carboxylate under reaction conditions (340), and this surface species gives rise to a typical symmetric COO -stretching vibration at 1567 cm 1. The CH-stretching vibration of the methylene group of isobutanol at 2870 cm-1 disappears on formation of the oxidized species. Consequently, the intensity of the 1567-cm 1 band can be taken as a measure of the surface concentration of the carboxylate species, whereas the intensity of the 2870-cm 1 band represents the surface concentration of molecular alcohol. The concentra-... 

An interesting variation on the methanol formation is that in some cases higher oxygenates can be formed (e.g., ethanol, acetic acid or isobutanol), over mixed oxides (such as Zr02/Zn0/Mn0/K20/Pd) or promoted copper catalysts. These are probably secondary products derived from methanol and formate by more standard organic reactions. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 3 Label Flammable Liquid SAFETY PROFILE Alildly toxic by ingestion and inhalation. A skin and eye irritant. Upon absorption by the body it can hydrolyze to acetic acid and isobutanol. Highly flammable liquid. A very dangerous fire and moderate explosion hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizers. To fight fire, use alcohol foam, CO2, dry chemical. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes. See also ESTERS and n-BUTYL ACETATE. 

Introduction.—The oxidative dehydrogenation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones over various catalysts, including copper and particularly silver, is a well-established industrial process. The conversion of methanol to formaldehyde over silver catalysts is the most common process, with reaction at 750—900 K under conditions of excess methanol and at high oxygen conversion selectivities are in the region 80—95%. Isopropanol and isobutanol are also oxidized commercially in a similar manner. By-products from these reactions include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carboxylic acids, alkenes, and alkanes. 

Vanadium phosphate catalysts are obtained from precursors prepared by a two-step sjmthesis. In the first step, a V0P04-mixed isobutanol-water intercalate was obtained by precipitation from a solution containing vanadyl isobutoxide, H3PO4 and carefully adjusted water content (precursor A). In the second step, precursor B was formed by reflux of precursor A in (i) an inert (n-octane) or (ii) reductive (isobutanol) medium. By such a procedure, precursors and catalysts (with PA atomic ratio equsd to 1.05) displaying widely different structural defects (XRD, IR) were prepared. Catalysts were tested in the oxidation of n-pentane into maleic (AM) and phthalic (PA) anhydrides. Formation of PA demands a highly ordered structure, while AM could be formed on a highly defective VPO catalyst. 

A comparison, however, of zinc oxide catalysts prepared in different ways, i.e. (A) precipitation of zinc hydroxide from zinc sulfate, (B) dry process commercial zinc oxide, and (C) hydrolysis of zinc isopropoxide in moist air, showed that the mode of preparation had a marked effect on the catalyst action. The percentage of olefin formed at a given temperature varied from 5 to 88 for isopropanol, 10 to 20 for ethanol, 1 to 31.5 for isobutanol, and 2 to 15 for n-propanol and butanol. In general, catalyst A was best for dehydration, and catalyst B for dehydrogenation, except in the case of ethanol where they were about the equal. Catalyst C behaved about the same as B, except in the case of ethanol, in which case it was a better dehydration material. 

ISOBUTANOL (78-83-1) Forms explosive mixture with air (flash point 82°F/ 28°C). Violent reaction with strong oxidizers, chromium(III) oxide. Incompatible with strong acids, caustics, aliphatic amines, isocyanates, alkaline metals, and alkali earth. Attacks some plastics, rubber, and coatings. Reacts with aluminum at elevated temperatures, forming flammable hydrogen gas. 

ISOBUTANOL AMINE or ISOBUTANOL-2-AMINE (124-68-5) Combustible liquid (flash point 153°F/67°C). Aqueous solution is a strong organic base. Incompatible with organic anhydrides, acrylates, alcohols, aldehydes, alkylene oxides, substituted allyls, cellulose nitrate, cresols, caprolactam solution, epichlorohydrin, ethylene dichloride, isocyanates, ketones, glycols, nitrates, phenols, vinyl acetate. Exothermic decomposition with maleic anhydride. 

In Italy, Natta and co-workers (92) published papers on variations of the synthesis of methanol. Alkalization of the zinc oxide catalysts of the methanol synthesis resulted in changes in the conversion. It is possible to produce a methanol-isobutanol mixture with 20-30% isobutanol, instead of pure methanol. Italy was also interested in the manufacture of liquid fuels. 

A single plant operating in Texas, based on the noncatalytic controlled oxidation of propane-butane hydrocarbons, is reported to consume over 50 million gal annually of these light hydrocarbons together with large volumes of natural gas in the production of over 300 million lb of chemicals per year. Chemical products include formaldehyde purified to resin grade by means of ion-exchaiige resins, acetic acid, methanol, propanol, isobutanol, butanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, mixtures of C4-C7 ketones, mixtures of C4-C7 alcohols, and propylene and butylene oxides. Catalytic liquid-phase oxidation of propane and butane is much more specific, and major yields of acetic acid are obtained. 

Iron oxide pigment, 204 Isobutane, 146, 150-156 Isobutanol, 260 Isobutyl acetate, 160, 262 Isobutylene oxication, 246 Isobutylidiene diurea, 262 Isobutyraldehyde, 255, 260, 262 Isobutyric acid, 262 Isocyanates ... 

Oxidizing conversion of isobutanol on Na, Cu, Co and Fe - forms of zeolites of Y, erionite and mordenite types was studied. Zeolite CuY shows the greatest activity in the formation of isobutyric aldehyde ( 30%) other samples are suitable for stronger oxidization and dehydration reactions. It was demonstrated by thermodesorption that there is one form of adsorbed oxygen with maximum temperatures of 100 -130 C on Na-erionite and Na-mordenite. There are high-temperature adsorbed forms of oxygen with maximum temperatures of 120-150, 400-450 and above 600°C on Ni-erionite and Cu-mordenite... 

Isobutanol forms isobutylamine (toxic—erythema and blistering) with NH3 isobutyl chlorocarbonate, (CH3 )2CH—CH2—COOCl (eye and mucous membrane irritant) with phosgene and isobutyraldehyde (flammable) on air oxidation at 300°C (572°F) in the presence of Cu. 

---