Odorless irritants

Ethoxylated andSulfatedAlkylphenols. Because these aLkylphenols degrade less readily than the sulfated alcohol ethoxylates, their anticipated expansion failed to materialize, although by 1965 they were widely used in retail detergent products. Sulfated alkylphenol ethoxylates are used in hospital cleaning products, textile processing, and emulsion polymerization. Sulfated alkyphenol ethoxylates are sold as colorless, odorless aqueous solutions at concentrations of >30%. The presence of ethylene oxide in the molecule increases resistance to hardness ions and reduces skin irritation. Representative commercial sulfated alkylphenol ethoxylates are given in Table 12. 

Health Hazards Information - Recommended Personal Protective Equipment Rubber gloves goggles or face shield Symptoms Folio-wing Exposure Syn toms unlikely from any form of exposure General Treatment for Exposure INHALATION remove to fresh air. EYES flush with water. SKIN flush with water, wash well with soap and water Toxicity by Inhalation (Threshold Limit Value) Data not available Short-Term Exposure Limits Data not available Toxicity by Ingestion Grade 2 oral LDjq 1,000 mg/kg (rabbit) Late Toxicity Prolonged inhalation of heated vapor produces irritation of upper respiratory tract in humans Vapor (Gas) Irritant Characteristics Odorless Liquid or Solid Irritant Characteristics Data not available Odor Threshold Data not available. 

Carbon monoxide poisoning is particularly insidious. An individual exposed to carbon monoxide is usually unaware of it because this gas is odorless, colorless, and tasteless. Furthermore, it does not elicit any irritant reflexes that result in sneezing, coughing, or feelings of dyspnea (difficulty in breathing). Finally, carbon monoxide does not stimulate ventilation. As will be discussed in a subsequent section, the peripheral chemoreceptors are sensitive to decreases in P02, not oxygen content. 

Laboratory grade agents are typically colorless oily liquids or solids. They have little or no odor. Salts of nitrogen vesicants are typically white odorless solids. High concentrations of vesicants can cause eye irritation. Because of the lewisite (C04-A002) component, HL (C03-A010) vapors cause immediate irritation to the eyes, nose, throat, and skin. 

Arsenic vesicants cause instantaneous irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and skin, which provides warning of their presence. Extended exposures cause violent coughing, sneezing, and regurgitation. The odor of arsenic vesicants varies with the individual compound and ranges from odorless to fruity to flowery. Odors may not be discernable due to irritation. 

Odorless liquid. Vapor is irritating to both eyes and skin, and is detectable at approximately 0.1 ppm. 

White, granular, or crystalline deliquescent solid that is odorless when dry but has a faint odor like almond when wet. This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. It causes irritation of the eyes and skin, asphyxia, lassitude, headache, confusion, nausea, vomiting, increased respiratory rate, slow gasping respiration, thyroid, and blood changes. 

Carbon monoxide blood agents do not have good warning properties. Carbon monoxide is odorless and colorless. Although exposure to metal carbonyl vapors can cause eye irritation,... 

White crystalline solid that is nearly odorless. This material is hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Even dilute solution can cause skin irritation and sensitization. 

Bright canary-yellow crystals that are odorless but produce irritation. Weapons grade material is a dark green to brown solid. When dispersed as a particulate cloud from a thermal munition, it has a characteristic "smoky" odor. 

Dimethylsulfate is a liquid (bp, 188°C fp, -32°C). It is colorless, odorless, and highly toxic. It has been classified as a primary carcinogen.10 When skin or mucous membranes are exposed to dimethylsulfate, there is an initial latent period during which few symptoms are observed. After this period, conjunctivitis and inflammation of nasal tissue and respiratory tract mucous membranes develop. Heavier exposures damage the liver and kidney and cause pulmonary edema and cloudiness of the cornea. Death can follow in 3 or 4 days. The related compound, diethylsulfate, is an oily liquid. It reacts with water to yield sulfuric acid. Like dimethylsulfate, it is a strong irritant to tissue and has proven to be carcinogenic in experimental animals. 

Nippon Shokubai s modified ammonium sulfamate method, however, can improve the product quality and the reaction yield. A yield of above 99% can be obtained and the resulting product is almost odorless with excellent stability. Skin irritation is much less compared with the product made by chlorosulfonic acid because of the low level of impurities found owing to the mild reactant. See (Table XVIII). 

PROP White to pale-buff, hygroscopic powder odorless or sit odor. Freely sol in water, ale, methanol, and glacial acetic acid insol in acetone, chloroform, and ether. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. 

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