Irritant organic solvents

Toxicology. The nitroparaffins have minimal effects by way of actual contact. There were neither systemic effects nor irritation in dermal studies in rabbits. Human exposure of a prolonged or often-repeated nature has led to low grade irritation attributable to removal of oil from the skin, an effect produced by most organic solvents. Eye irritation potential of all four nitroparaffins has been deterrnined in rabbits. Other than a transient slight redness and some lachrymation, no effects were noted. The average Draize score was 0.0. The acute oral toxicity, LD q, of all four nitroparaffins has been deterrnined in the rat (Table 8). 

Benzyl chloride [(chloromethyl)henzene, a-chlorotoluene], CgH CH2Cl, is a colorless Hquid with a very pungent odor. Its vapors are irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes, and it is classified as a powerfljl lacrimator. The physical properties of pure benzyl chloride are given in Table 2 (2—7). Benzyl chloride is insoluble in cold water, but decomposes slowly in hot water to benzyl alcohol. It is miscible in all proportions at room temperature with most organic solvents. The flash point of benzyl chloride is 67°C (closed cup) 74°C (open cup) autoignition temperature is 585°C lower flammability limit 1.1% by volume in air. Its volume coefficient of expansion is 9.72 x. ... 

Allyl chloride is a colorless liquid, insoluble in water but soluble in many organic solvents. It has a strong pungent odor and an irritating effect on the skin. As a chemical, allyl chloride is used to make allyl alcohol, glycerol, and epichlorohydrin. 

When a caustic or irritant organic substance attacks the skin, washing with water is usually without effect. Immediate removal by washing with copious amounts of a suitable solvent such as alcohol or benzene is the procedure indicated. It must be borne in mind that the organic solvent itself facilitates the penetration of the harmful substance into the skin and therefore the formation of concentrated solutions on the skin must be avoided. 

Enviromnent and health-related problems Bio varnishes , i.e. varnishes based on natural, renewable raw materials, were developed as close-to-nature alternatives (substitutes) i.a. as a reaction to the so-called German wood preservative scandal and indoor pollution due to chemical solvents. Nevertheless, they have until now had a relatively high content of volatile bio-organic solvents, which may cause irritations, allergic and neurotoxic reactions, and contribute to the formation of tropospheric ozone. 

The substance may react with the skin surface and cause primary irritation (acids, alkalies, many organic solvents)... 

Dlphenylamlnochlorarslne (DM) Is a canary-yellow crystalline solid (see Table 4-1). It Is Insoluble In water, but soluble In organic solvents It melts at 195°C and bolls at 410°C.S it was first prepared by Welland in Germany (1915) and independently (1918) by Adams in the United States. During and after World War I, it was known as Adamsite. Slm O described Its odor as that of burning fireworks. DM can be disseminated as an aerosol, either from pyrotechnic mixtures in grenades or bombs, sprayed as a solution, or dispersed as a dust. It has been described as an irritant smoke, a stemutator, and a "sneeze gas."... 

Caution. Potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II) is a known sensitizing agent, and tetra(n-butyl)ammonium hydrogen sulfate is an irritant. All organic solvents used are toxic, and most of them flammable. Inhalation or contact with them should be avoided. Appropriate precautions must be taken, and an efficient hood must be used. 

The chemistry of the quinoline heterocycle has already been discussed in Chapter 4. Any alkaloid that possesses a quinoline, i.e. 1-azanaphthalene, 1-benzazine, or benzo[b]pyridine, skeleton is known as a quinoline alkaloid, e.g. quinine. Quinoline itself is a colourless hygroscopic liquid with strong odour, and slightly soluble in water, but readily miscible with organic solvents. Quinoline is toxic. Short term exposure to the vapour of quinoline causes irritation of the nose, eyes, and throat, dizziness and nausea. It may also cause liver damage. 

Allyl alcohol is a colorless liquid having a pungent odor its vapor may cause severe irritation and injury to eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. It is also corrosive. Allyl alcohol is freely miscible with water and miscible with many polar organic solvents and aromatic hydrocarbons, but is not miscible with n-hexane. It forms an azeotropic mixture with water and a ternary azeotropic mixture with water and organic solvents. Allyl alcohol lias both bacterial and fungicidal effects. Properties of allyl alcohol are shown in Tabic 1. 

MW 92.53 CAS [106-89-8] used to make epoxy resins, adhesives, surfactants, and plasticizers, and also as a solvent for gums, resins, and paints colorless liquid chloroform-like odor boils at 116°C solidifies at-57°C vapor pressure 12 torr at 20°C density 1.18 g/mL at 20°C moderately soluble in water (6.6% at 20°C), soluble in most organic solvents moderately toxic, carcinogenic, and a strong irritant (Patnaik, 1992). 

MW 44.06 unstable, ring cleaves readily CAS [75-21-8] used as a fumigant and sterilizing agent, and in the manufacture of many glycol ethers and ethano-lamines colorless gas with ether-like odor liquefies at 10.4°C density 0.88 g/mL at 10°C vapor pressure 1095 torr at 20°C soluble in water and most organic solvents highly flammable, toxic, and severe irritant. 

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