Iron Fumarate

FIROX FUM FER FUMAR-F FUMIRON G.ALFER HEMOTON IRCON IRON FUMAR. TE... 

FERRONE FERROTEMP FERRUM FERSAMAL FIRON FUMAFER FUMAR-F FUMIRON GALFER HEMOTON IRCON IRON FUMARATE METERFER METERFOLIC ONE-IRON PALAFER TOLERON TOLFERAIN TOLIFER... 

The FCC is to food-additive chemicals what the USP—NF is to dmgs. In fact, many chemicals that are used in dmgs also are food additives (qv) and thus may have monographs in both the USP—NF and in the FCC. Examples of food-additive chemicals are ascorbic acid [50-81-7] (see Vitamins), butylated hydroxytoluene [128-37-0] (BHT) (see Antioxidants), calcium chloride [10043-52-4] (see Calcium compounds), ethyl vanillin [121-32-4] (see Vanillin), ferrous fumarate [7705-12-6] and ferrous sulfate [7720-78-7] (see Iron compounds), niacin [59-67-6] sodium chloride [7647-14-5] sodium hydroxide [1310-73-2] (see lkaliand cm ORiNE products), sodium phosphate dibasic [7558-79-4] (see Phosphoric acids and phosphates), spearmint oil [8008-79-5] (see Oils, essential), tartaric acid [133-37-9] (see Hydroxy dicarboxylic acids), tragacanth [9000-65-1] (see Gums), and vitamin A [11103-57-4]. 

Fumarates. lron(Il) fumarate [141 -01 -5], Fe(C4H20, is prepared by mixing hot aqueous solutions of sodium fumarate and iron(Il) sulfate followed by filtration of the resulting slurry. It has limited solubiUty in water but is more soluble in acid solution. The compound is red-orange to red-brown and finds uses as a hematinic. A non stoichiometric compound [7705-12-6] and iron(Ill) fumarate [52118-11-3], Fe2(C4H20 3, are also available. 

In a similar manner diethyl maleate (actually diethyl fumarate since the basic enamine catalyzes the maleate s isomerization upon contact) forms unstable 1,2 cycloadducts with enamines with hydrogens at temperatures below 30°C (37). At higher temperatures simple alkylated products are formed (41). Enamines with no )3 hydrogens form very stable 1,2 cycloadducts with diethyl maleate (36,37,41). The two adjacent carboethoxy groups of the cyclobutane adduct have been shown to be Irons to one another (36,37). 

Maleic and fumaric acids are cis- and irons- Maleic acid gives up its first proton more readily isomers having two carboxyl groups, than does fumaric acid. However, the opposite... 

Similar difficulties have been encountered in the case of complex enzymes such as fumarate reductase and nitrate reductase from E. coli, in which substituting certain Cys ligands led to the loss of several if not all the iron-sulfur centers (171, 172). However, in the case of nitrate reductase, which possesses one [3Fe-4S] and three [4Fe-4S] centers, it was possible to remove selectively one [4Fe-4S]... 

Myers CR, ID Myers (1997) Cloning and sequence of cymA, a gene encoding a tetraheme cytochrome c required for reduction of iron (III), fumarate, and nitrate by Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1. J Bacteriol 179 1143-1152. 

The reductase in Geobacter sulfurreducens is located in the outer membrane and a soluble Fe(III) reductase has been characterized from cells grown anaerobically with acetate as electron donor and Fe(III) citrate or fumarate as electron acceptor (Kaufmann and Lovley 2001). The enzyme contained Fe, acid-labile S, and FAD. An extracellular c-type cytochrome is distributed in the membranes, the periplasm, and the medium, and functions as a reductase for electron transfer to insoluble iron hydroxides, sulfur, or manganese dioxide (Seeliger et al. 1998). 

Fumarate polyesters, reaction rate with styrene, 20 105-107 Fumarate polymers, 20 100 Fumarates, iron, 14 537 Fumaric acid, 12 45 15 481-482, 507 in citric acid cycle, 6 633 health and safety factors related to,... 

Iron(II) formate dihydrate, 14 537 Iron(II) fumarate, 14 537 Iron gelbs, 19 399, 400 Irondl) gluconate dihydrate, 14 541 Iron group carbides, 4 690-692 Iron halides, 14 537-540 Iron hydroxide, water exchange rates and activation parameters of hexaaqua complexes, 7 589t Iron(II) hydroxide, 14 542 Iron(III) hydroxide, 14 542 Iron hydroxides, 14 541—542 Iron(II) iodide, 14 540 Iron(III) iodide, 14 540 Iron/iron alloy plating, 9 813—814. See also Fe entries... 

For the second level, the correction of modest iron deficiency, various iron salts have been recommended or prescribed as iron supplements. These salts have included iron(II) succinate, fumarate, gluconate, and lactate, and iron(III) citrate - or, better (335), ammonium iron(III) citrate as iron(III) citrate seems to be a poorly characterized compound (337). There are two main problems. The first is the ease of oxidation of the iron(II) salts, particularly the lactate. The second is that absorption of iron from these sources is very inefficient (57), as species such as Fe (aq), Fe (aq), and simple hydrolysed entities such as FeOH (aq) cross membranes such as those that constitute the wall of... 

Johnson MK, Morningstar JE, Cecchini G, Ackrell BAC. 1985. Detection of a tetranuclear iron sulphur centre in fumarate reductase from Escherichia coli by EPR. Arch Microbiol 131 756-62. 

Succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) [EC 1.3.5.1], a multiprotein complex found in the mitochondria, catalyzes the reaction of succinate with ubiquinone to produce fumarate and ubiqumol. The enzyme requires FAD and iron-sulfur groups. It can be degraded to form succinate dehydrogenase [EC 1.3.99.1], a FAD-dependent system that catalyzes the reaction of succinate with an acceptor to produce fumarate and the reduced acceptor, but no longer reacts with ubiquinone. 

Absorption/Dlstrlbutlon - The average dietary intake of iron is 12 to 20 mg/day for males and 8 to 15 mg/day for females however, only about 10% of this iron is absorbed (1 to 2 mg/day) in individuals with adequate iron stores. Absorption is enhanced (20% to 30%) when storage iron is depleted or when erythropoiesis occurs at an increased rate. Iron is primarily absorbed from the duodenum and jejunum. The ferrous salt form is absorbed 3 times more readily than the ferric form. The common ferrous salts (ie, sulfate, gluconate, fumarate) are absorbed almost on a milligram-for-milligram basis but differ in the content of elemental iron. Sustained-release... 

Orally administered ferrous salts are the preferred treatment for iron deficiency. Ferrous salts are absorbed about three times as well as ferric salts and the bioavailability of the sulfate, fumarate, succinate, gluconate, and other ferrous salts is approximately the same. Ferrous sulfate, being the least expensive, is then the treatment of choice. Ferrous fumarate is available as a syrup and may be useful in small children for the treatment and prophylaxis of iron deficiency. 

Therapy is perfectly adequate with simple iron salts (Table 2). In adults ferrous gluconate, fumarate or sulphate are all of proven equal efficiency. Approximately 50 mg of iron is present in each tablet with the remaining 300 mg made up with an inert filler. These are given on an empty stomach at least twice a day but should nausea prevail they can be taken with food. Absorption of slow release preparations is not recommended since iron is detached from the carrier beyond the main areas of absorption in the duodenum or jejunum. Stools turn black in all cases and this is a useful index of patient compliance. In 25% of individuals gastrointestinal tract side effects are encountered in the form of diarrhoea or constipation and patients will often spontaneously discontinue medication. It is therefore essential that a tablet-count be carried out on a regular basis with a substitute being provided when this first-line medication is intolerable. In children the same preparations are favoured as syrups these are given twice... 

Singh K, Fong YF, Kuperan P. A comparison between intravenous iron polymaltose complex (Ferrum Haus-mann) and oral ferrous fumarate in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy. Eur J Haematol 1998 60 119-24. 

Iron deficiency anemia PO (ferrous fumarate) 60-100 mg twice a day. PO (ferrous gluconate) 60 mg 2-4 times a day. PO (ferrous sulfate) 325mg2-4timesaday. Dosage is expressed in terms of milligrams of elemental iron, degree of anemia, patient... 

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