Ionic liquids cellulose

Quan, S.L., Kang, S.G., Chin, I.J., 2010. Characterization of cellulose fibers electrospun using ionic liquid. Cellulose 17, 223—230. 

Kunchomsup W, Sirivat A (2014) Thermo-electromechanical responses of l-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid-cellulose gel. J Polym Res 21 369... 

Mazza M, Catana DA, Vaca-Garcia C, Cecutti C (2009) Influence of water on the dissolution of cellulose in selected ionic liquids. Cellulose 16 207-215... 

The lactose conversion into various derivatives has been achieved using (3-galactosidase immobilized in an ionic liquid-cellulose film [127]. Enzyme was immobilized via GA approach involving the pre-activation of the supported film. This biocomposite architecture allowed to preserve around 60% of the initial -galactosidase activity. The lactose derivatiza-tion was performed in a batch system, where the biocatalyst was repeatedly used for 16 reaction cycles without any drastic decrease of the enzyme activity [127]. 

Kosan B, Michels C, Meister F (2008) Dissolution and forming of cellulose with ionic liquids. Cellulose 15 59-66... 

Kosan, B., Michels, C., and Meister, F, Dissoluhon and Forming of Cellulose with Ionic Liquid , Cellulose, 15, 59-66, 2008. 

Finally, dissolution of non-activated cellulose in LiCl/DMAc, and in ionic liquids has been accelerated by microwave irradiation [72,103,104], although the effect of microwave heating on the DP of the polymer has not been investigated. This last point is relevant in view of the fact that ILs are heated with exceptional efficiency by microwaves [105], so that care must be taken to avoid excessive localized heating that can induce chain degradation of the polymer during its dissolution. 

Rogers, R.D. (2005) A Platform Strategy Using Ionic Liquids to Dissolve and Process Cellulose for Advanced New Materials. The University of Alabama. 

Full dissolution has been reported to proceed in ionic liquids such as butyl- or allyl-methyl-imidazolium chloride under microwave irradiation [59, 60], The Clanton is claimed to be essential to favor the de-agglomerization of the cellulose by breaking its H-bonds that hold it together [61]. The cellulose can subsequently be precipitated from the ionic liquid upon addition of, for example, water, without significant depolymerization. 

It is worth pointing out that, besides o-sorbitol 19 and D-mannitol 36, other low-molecular weight building blocks have been already obtained on the ton-scale from low cost or waste polymeric carbohydrates (starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, chitin) [80, 81]. Most of these compounds are densely functionalized enantiopure molecules that can be easily converted into high-value added products, including chiral ionic liquids. Therefore, further studies are required to develop other synthetic approaches to environmentally sustainable ionic liquids based on renewable raw materials. 

Zhang, H., Wu, ]., Zhang, J., and He, J., l-Allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride room temperature ionic liquid A new and powerful nonderivatizing solvent for cellulose. Macromolecules, 38,8272-827/ 2005. 

Schlufter, K., Schmauder, H.P., Dorn, S., and Heinze, T., Bacterial cellulose in the ionic liquid l-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 27, 1670-1676,2006. 

Remsing, R.C., Swatloski, R.P., Rogers, R.D., and Moyna, G., Mechanism of cellulose dissolution in the ionic liquid l-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride a and 35/37(21 NMR relaxation study on model systems, Chem. Commun., 1271-1273, 2006. 

Moulthrop, J. S., Swatloski, R. R, Moyna, G. et al.. High-resolution NMR studies of cellulose and cellulose oligomers in ionic liquid solutions, Chem. Commun., 1557,2005. 

Vladimir M. Egorov was born in Odintsovo-10, Moscow Region, Russia, in 1982. He received his MS in chemistry from Moscow State University in 2005. The subject of his diploma thesis was to develop a method of analytical reagents immobilization on cellulose matrix by dissolution or reconstitution using ionic liquids. Currently, he is a postgraduate student at the MSU Chemistry Department. His research interests include (but not limited to) application and synthesis of novel ionic liquids and computational chemistry. He has been a prize-winner of numerous contests in chemistry, mathematics, and biology. 

Quite recently, a series of N-alkyl substituted imidazolium salts has been evaluated for additive effects on the mesomorphic behavior and ensuing optical properties of HPC aqueous solutions, followed by characterization of the thermotropicity of novel cellulose derivatives with such an ionic liquid structure in the side-chains [193]. 

Related to ionic liquids are substances known as deep eutectic solvents or mixtures. A series of these materials based on choline chloride (HOCH2CH2NMe3Cl) and either zinc chloride or urea have been reported (Abbott et al., 2002 2003). The urea/choline chloride material has many of the advantages of more well-known ionic liquids (e.g. low volatility), but can be sourced from renewable feedstocks, is non-toxic and is readily biodegradable. However, it is not an inert solvent and this has been exploited in the functionalisation of the surface of cellulose fibres in cotton wool (Abbott et al, 2006). Undoubtedly, this could be extended to other cellulose-based materials, biopolymers, synthetic polymers and possibly even small molecules. 

Abbott, A.P., T.J. Bell, S. Handa and B. Stoddart, Cationic Functionalisation of Cellulose Using a Choline Based Ionic Liquid Analogue, Green Chemistry, 8,784-786 (2006). 

Swatloski, R.P., S.K. Spear, J.D. Holbrey and R.D. Rogers, Dissolution of Cellulose with Ionic Liquids, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 124, 4974—4975 (2002). 

More recently, ionic liquids capable of dissolving cellulose have been prepared. The best known is l-A-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMC1). No significant industrial development of yam fabrication with this process is known so far. 

Rinaldi R, et al. Which controls the depolymerization of cellulose in ionic liquids the solid acid catalyst or cellulose ChemSusChem. 3(2) 266-76. 

Kraft lignin is soluble in alkaline media or some organic solvents but is not as easily degraded as cellulose. Ionic liquids have also been reviewed for their dissolution capability, but no processes are commercialized yet. This is mainly due to the high prices of ionic liquids compared to regular solvents and the challenging separation and recycling of ionic liquids [7]. 

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