Iodide carbonate

A palladium-catalyzed three-component assembly process of an aryl iodide, carbon monoxide and allene offers a facile synthesis of heterocycles bearing an a-exo-methylene ketone moiety (Scheme 16.10) [15, 16]. 

As in carboxylic esters it is possible to substitute alkoxy groups of Fischer-type carbene complexes by non-carbon nucleophiles, such as other alcohols [73,214,218], enols [219], aliphatic amines [43,64,66,220-224], aniline [79], imines [225], or pyrroles [226]. Strong nucleophiles can also lead to a dealkylation of methoxy-substituted carbene complexes (5 2 at the methyl group, [227]), in the same way as methyl esters can be cleaved by nucleophiles such as iodide. Carbon... 

Show by chemical equations the reactions involved in chain transfer by hexane, benzene, isopropylbenzene, propanol, butyl iodide, carbon tetrabromide, n-butyl... 

Tetra(n-alkyl) phosphonium iodide Carbon Count M.W. M.P. (X) Solubility in Octane... 

Reactions of trifluorovinyllithium with a variety of electrophiles such as proton, halogen, trialkylsilyl chloride, trialkyltin chloride, methyl iodide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide afforded the corresponding trifluorovinylated derivatives [111, 113,114] (Scheme41). 

Acetophenone and magnesium methyl iodide yield 2-phenyl-l-propene. As can be seen from the equation, one at least of the radicals R, R1 Ru, must have a non-tertiary carbon linked in the intermediate compound to the hydroxy-magnesium-iodide carbon. 

H. Stamm also measured the solubilities of the salts of the alkalies in liquid ammonia —potassium hydroxide, nitrate, sulphate, chromate, oxalate, perchlorate, persulphate, chloride, bromide, iodide, carbonate, and chlorate rubidium chloride, bromide, and sulphate esesium chloride, iodide, carbonate, and sulphate lithium chloride and sulphate sodium phosphate, phosphite, hypophosphite, fluoride, chloride, iodide, bromate, perchlorate, periodate, hyponitrire, nitrite, nitrate, azide, dithionate, chromate, carbonate, oxalate, benzoate, phtnalate, isophthalate ammonium, chloride, chlorate, bromide, iodide, perchlorate, sulphate, sulphite, chromate, molybdate, nitrate, dithionate, thiosulphate, persulphate, thiocyanate, phosphate, phosphite, hypophosphite, arsenate, arsenite, amidosulphonate, ferrocyanide, carbonate, benzoate, methionate, phenylacetate, picrate, salicylate, phenylpropionate, benzoldisulphonate, benzolsulphonate, phthalate, trimesmate, mellitate, aliphatic dicarboxylates, tartrate, fumarate, and maleinate and phenol. 

Tests for anions - nitrate, chloride, bromide, iodide, carbonate and sulfate (p. 262). 

Diorgano tellurium compounds can be easily converted to diorgano tellurium dihalides in reactions with sulfuryl chloride, bromide, and iodide. Carbon tetrachloride, dichlorometh-ane, diethyl ether, petroleum ether, or benzene have been used as reaction media. Chlorinations with sulfuryl chloride, a liquid reagent, avoid the use of gaseous chlorine. Required amounts of sulfuryl chloride can be more easily measured than those of chlorine. Sulfur dioxide formed during the reaction escapes the reaction mixture as a gas, thus facilitating the isolation of the product. For these reasons, sulfuryl chloride has been frequently used, whereas sulfuryl bromide and iodide5-6 have been only infrequently employed. 

Pyrimidines by a Consecutive 4CR of (Hetero)aryl Iodides, Carbon Monoxide, Alkynes, and Amidinium Salts... 

There are two possible pathways to homologate methanol with carbon dioxide the CO2 insertion path and CO insertion path (Scheme 2). As for the former, Fukuoka et al. reported that the cobalt-ruthenium or nickel bimetallic complex catalyzed acetic acid formation from methyl iodide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen, in which carbon dioxide inserted into the carbon-metal bond to form acetate complex [7]. However, the contribution of this path is rather small because no acetic acid or its derivatives are detected in this reaction. Besides, the time course... 

The key elements of these carbonylation processes is the ability of a metal complex to undergo facile oxidative addition with methyl halide (especially iodide), carbon monoxide (CO) insertion into the methyl-metal bond, and reductive elimination of the acetyl group as the acetyl halide [3]. 

Palladium(II) iodide-potassium iodide-carbon monoxide. 18,283... 

The reaction is catalyzed by a mixture of H4Ru4(CO),2 and Co2(CO)g (THF, 120 C, 24 hr, CT 9) (382). Under phase-transfer conditions, y-keto acids can be obtained from terminal alkynes, methyl iodide, carbon monoxide, and water using a 1 1 mixture of Co2(CO)8 and Ru3(CO),2 in a benzene-sodium hydroxide solution with dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (200°C, 1 bar, the yield and catalytic turnover were not reported) (383) ... 

It has also been shown that a double carbonylation occurs when a styrene oxide is employed as the reactant, methyl iodide, carbon monoxide, and benzene as the organic phase, and aqueous sodium hydroxide, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as the phase-transfer agent (Equation (6.7)) [34]. 

An example of electrophilic substitution has been provided, however, in the formylation of 6,6-diphenylfulvene by a Vilsmeier reaction [36], while an acetylation has been achieved in a two-phase system with a phase transfer agent, using methyl iodide, carbon monoxide, sodium hydroxide and dicobaltoctacarbonyl [241]. 

FIGURE 2.92 Capacitance values of the positive carbon electrode estimated from the voltammetry characteristics at 5 mV s in the different alkali metal iodide solutions. (Reprinted bom Electrochemistry Communications, 13, Lota, G., K. Fic, and E. Frackowiak, Alkali metal iodide/carbon interface as a source of pseudocapacitance, 38-41, Copyright 2011, with permission from Elsevier.)... 

Lota, G., K. Fic, and E. Frackowiak. 2011. Alkali metal iodide/carbon interface as a source of pseudocapacitance. Electrochemistry Communications 13 38-41. 

Generally, tests for anions involve the formation of precipitates in ionic precipitation reactions with silver nitrate(V), barium nitrate(V)/chloride or lead(ll) nitrate and whether the anions react with acid if they do, a gas is usually evolved and has to be identified. Barium ions form precipitates with carbonate, sulfate(IV) and sulfate(VI) ions, while silver ions form precipitates with chloride, iodide, carbonate and sulfate(IV) ions silver sulfate(VI) is sparingly soluble and a precipitate may not be formed if the concentrations of the reagents used are low. Lead(ll) nitrate(V) is used to determine the presence of iodide and chloride ions. Lead(ll) iodide and lead(ll) chloride precipitates are soluble in hot water (when the mixture is heated) but will recrystallise when cooled (as discussed in section 9.1). The equations for some of these reactions are given overleaf. 

B. Courtois, an entrepreneur from the French town of Dijon, was engaged, among other things, in the production of potash and saltpeter. He used ash of sea algae as the initial raw material. A mother solution of sea algae was formed under the action of water on the ash. To-day we know that the ash contains chlorides, bromides, iodides, carbonates, and sulphates of some alkali and alkaline-earth metals. However, when Courtois performed his experiments it was only known that the ash contained potassium and sodium compounds (chlorides, carbonates, and sulphates). Upon evaporation, first, sodium chloride precipitated and then potassium chloride and sulphate. The residual mother solution contained a complex mixture of various salts, including sulphur-containing ones. 

The first palladium-catalyzed carbonylations of aryl halides were published in 1974 and 1975 (Equation 17.59). ° Heck first reported the synthesis of benzoates by the reaction of an aryl iodide, carbon monoxide, and an alcohol in the presence of a tertiary amine and catalytic amoimts of the combination of palladium acetate and triphenylphosphine. Concurrently, he reported the synthesis of benzamides from an aryl iodide, carbon monoxide, a primary amine, and a tertiary amine as base catalyzed by the same type of palladium complex. The related reactions of vinyl halides were also reported, and these reactions occurred with retention of the olefin geometry. ... 

During the processing of pollucite the ground mineral is dissolved and silica and alumina are removed from the solution. Salts of alkali metals are present in the filtrate. The separation of these was once very time consuming, as it had to be done with fractional crystalHzation. Nowadays an ion-exchange technique is used, which makes the separation fast and simple. Cesium hydroxide is prepared from the pure cesium solution, and is the base for cesium chloride, iodide, carbonate and other compounds. Cesium metal is prepared by reduction of cesium chloride with calcium metal. 

M. (2000) Palladium catalysed tetramolecular queuing cascades of aryl iodides, carbon monoxide, amines and a polymer supported allene. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, 2241-2242. 

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