Investment and the

Purchase and Sale of Equities Stockholders usually reqmre an adequate return on their investment, and the quoted price of the stock reflec ts the consensus opinion of investors as to the current health of the company. Purchases or sales are normally made through stockbrokers. 

Capital investment decisions are best made within the context of a life-cycle cost analysis. Life-cycle cost analysis focuses on the costs incurred over the life of the investment, assuming only candidate investments are considered that meet minimally acceptable performance standards in terms of the non-inonetary impacts of the investment. Using life-cycle analysis, the capital investment decision takes into account not just the initial acquisition or purchase cost, but maintenance, energy use, the expected life of the investment, and the opportunity cost of capital. When revenue considerations are prominent, an alternative method of analysis such as net benefit or net present value may be preferred. 

A first obvious consequence of such considerations is that we should not only look at the costs of the product from an economic point of view, but that we must consider the costs of the production process in a broader sense. We must take into account the raw materials used, the amount of energy invested and the possibility to design alternatives, more environmentally friendly processes. In other words, we should not only look at the desired product, but we must consider the total life cycle of the product The design of a production process taking into account these aspects is often referred to as integral life cycle management. 

Efficiency means carrying out regulatory responsibilities using as few resources (human, financial and time) as possible. Efficiency is also an issue in relation to the resources which the regulated parties must invest, and the opportunity costs they incur in conforming with regulatory requirements (i.e. in expending resources in that way, which cannot then be used for another purpose). 

A company wants to make the largest profit it can from the money it invests. It wants to be able to compare the prospective earnings it may get from different ventures. Two of the simplest measures are the return on investment and the payout time. 

The freezing of a product in the vacuum chamber by the evaporation of 15-25 % of its water would reduce the process time, the investment- and the operation cost, since the evaporation of this water could be done in a very short time, and no extra freezing installations are required. Oetjen [4.4, 4.5] points out, that this process has substantial disadvantages for the quality of the product and is only applicable for a limited number of products. Therefore this process is no longer used (see Section 2.1.5). The freezing processes for food are discussed in the Sections 2.1.1 and 2.1.3, and the possible freezing rates in Section 1.1.1. The decisive quantities for the freezing rastes are ... 

The return on investment is derived from the ratio of the total capital invested and the turnover to profit ... 

Since the founding of the People s Republic of China 31 years ago, however, the country has made great steps forward toward modernization. This has been done through reorganization of its social structure, which used to be the fundamental defect in the national economy, in addition to investments and the accumulation of capital. 

Bowman, E. H. Hurry, D. 1993. Strategy through the option lens - an integrated view of resource investments and the incremental-choice process. Academy of Management Review, 18 760-782. 

While less protection may initially reduce the capital investment and the ongoing maintenance costs, the additional risk to company assets, employees, the environment, and the public could be substantial. The potential for escalation increases due to the lack of fire protection systems. Should a company choose less protection, potential adverse affects such as damage to reputation, increased insurance costs, loss of business and customers, as well as possible charges of criminal negligence could become a factor in the event of an incident. 

Manufacturing bad quality medicines does not require huge investment and the equipment is easy to move. 

The degree and the extent of segregation have a direct impact on the investment and the operating costs. A helpful overview of different multipurpose plant concepts can be found in the text by Rauch [5],... 

Processes based on propane ammoxidation to manufacture acrylonitrile have also been developed,915 966 and BP has announced commercialization.966 Dehydrogenation at high reaction temperature (485-520°C), which is about 100°C higher than for propylene ammoxidation, results in the formation of propylene, which subsequently undergoes normal ammoxidation. Despite higher investments and the markedly lower selectivity (30-40%), the process can be economical because of the price difference between propylene and propane.966 Better selectivites can be achieved at lower (40-60%) conversions. 

In a chemical plant the capital investment in process piping is in the range of 25-40% of the total plant investment, and the power consumption for pumping, which depends on the line size, is a substantial fraction of the total cost of utilities. Accordingly, economic optimization of pipe size is a necessary aspect of plant design. As the diameter of a line increases, its cost goes up but is accompanied by decreases in consumption of utilities and costs of pumps and drivers because of reduced friction. Somewhere there is an optimum balance between operating cost and annual capital cost. 

If you have dreamed of owning your own business, retirement can be the perfect opportunity to realize that dream. Your retirement income can provide a base of financial support to get you through the initial start-up and help you weather the inevitable ups and downs of a new venture. In addition to a financial base, you have both the time to invest and the experience of a lifetime to draw upon. 

Two other measures that can be used to evaluate the profitability of a product are the return on investment and the payback period. The return on investment (ROZ) is the expected profit divided by the total capital invested, expressed as a percentage return. It must be clearly stated whether the profit is based on pre-tax or after-tax earnings. The after-tax ROI is compared with the earnings that could be achieved by an alternative investment, e.g. capital bonds. An after-tax ROI of at least 15-20% is usually expected (or 30-40% pre-tax ROI), assuming that the project is not particularly risky ... 

This produced a list of strategic options different business models and value chain positions that would match the most attractive areas. These options were then assessed by a set of criteria that included economic value, feasibility, risk, investments, and fit with the overall strategy and portfolio of initiatives. To test the economic viability of individual products, specific business ideas related to single products/markets were written and pressure-tested. The final decision was made after extensive discussions and more than 80 interviews with experts. While such interviews are essential, it is also important to remain skeptical and avoid the common wisdom trap. It is too early to determine the financial success, but the company has already achieved alignment between the overall strategy, the level of investment, and the organizational setup. 

Azmi, Ida Madieha and Rokiah Alavi (2001). trips, Patents, Technology Transfer, Foreign Direct Investment and the Pharmaceutical Industry in Malaysia. Journal of World Intellectual Property, 4 947-976. 

Product disposal and/or utilization, the investment and the operating costs, the space requirement for the plant, the possible wastewater accumulation and the material conversion are all important criteria for the selection of a desulfurization plant. 

The final measure of merit of a given process is the profitability of the business venture required for its implementation. The purpose of the ASPEN Cost Estimation and Economic Evaluation System is to calculate the profitability of the simulated process. This requires calculation of the total required capital investment and the annual operating expenses. 

Each expression system is characterized by the quality of the expressed antibody, by the antibody concentration, and in particular by the impurities from the culture medium. The choice is mostly dictated by the amount of antibodies to be expressed, its intended application (therapy, diagnosis, fine chemical, or research), the investment, and the available infrastructure to produce and to purify the antibody. 

It is important to consider both the capital costs associated with designing, purchasing, and installing a piece of bioseparation equipment and the operating costs of maintenance utilities such as electricity, steam, and compressed air labor and any raw materials. In most cases, there will be a trade-off between capital and operating cost which may favor a particular type of equipment, depending on the desired initial capital investment and the economics of the process. 

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