Invader® method

Strike thinks you get the picture now. Do not try this method. How did the story end you ask Strike doesn t remember exactly. Strike thinks the kingdom was re-invaded by the forces of the neighboring Bee Keeper Empire. 

Scarcely had the covalent chain concept of the structure of high polymers found root when theoretical chemists began to invade the field. In 1930 Kuhn o published the first application of the methods of statistics to a polymer problem he derived formulas expressing the molecular weight distribution in degraded cellulose on the assumption that splitting of interunit bonds occurs at random. 

The principle behind the test method(s) is that antibodies are made of proteins that recognize and bind with foreign substances (antigens) that invade host animals. Synthetic antibodies have been developed to complex with petroleum constituents. The antibodies are immobilized on the walls of a special ceU or filter membrane. Water samples are added directly to the cell, while soils must be extracted before analysis. A known amount of labeled analyte (typically, an enzyme with an affinity for the antibody) is added after the sample. The sample analytes compete with the enzyme-labeled analytes for sites on the antibodies. After equilibrium is established, the cell is washed to remove any um-eacted sample or labeled enzyme. Color development reagents that react with the labeled enzyme are added. A solution that stops color development is added at a specified time, and the optical density (color intensity) is measured. Because the coloring agent reacts with the labeled enzyme, samples with high optical density contain low concentrations of analytes. Concentration is inversely proportional to optical density. 

Cancer is a particularly important disease to treat early, before the disease invades too much tissue. Quantum dots may offer one important method of detecting the disease in its early stages. Cancerous cells often make certain proteins or other molecules that are attached to the cell s membrane and help the cell to grow and divide. These proteins are not found in healthy cells or are much rarer than in cancerous ones and, therefore, can serve as miniature markers for the diseased cells. These markers would make cancer cells easy to detect, but physicians do not usually have an effective tool with which to see them. 

The main invasive pathogens are bacteria and viruses and recombinant live carriers using bacterial and viruses have been described. Viral carriers rely on the established and efficient methods for invading and infecting eukaryotic cells and their in vivo replicative process improves the induction of type I and type II immune responses. 

One of the nitrostarch stabilization methods worked out by Hackel and T. Ur-banski (unpublished) consisted in giving the nitrostarch a very finely divided form so as to make it possible for water to invade the interior of the nitrostarch granules. It is, in fact, a method very similar in principle to the process of stabilizing nitrocellulose, since the fundamental operation in the latter consists in cutting the nitrocotton fibres into shorter pieces so as to open the interior of the fibres and permit water to penetrate. 

Animals are unable to synthesize folic acid (6.62) and must consume adequate quantities in their diets. Plants and bacteria, however, are able to make folic acid. The first step of this synthesis is catalyzed by dihydropteroate synthetase and reacts dihydroptero-ate diphosphate (6.69) and para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA, 6.70) (Figure 6.25). Because this pathway is not found in humans, inhibition of the reaction is a method to ultimately stop TMP synthesis in an invading bacterium while not impacting the infected host. The sulfonamides, often called sulfa drugs, are a class of antibiotic that exploits the folic acid pathway and inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase. Sulfa drugs bind in the same fashion as PABA and act as competitive inhibitors. The active form of the first sulfa drug is sulfanilamide (6.71). Sulfamethoxazole (6.72) is a sulfa drug that is widely prescribed today.26... 

In 1935 the Italians invaded Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and over 700 tons of mustard gas was shipped for use by the Italian Air Force. Torpedo-shaped 500-lb bombs, with time-delay fuses, were also utilised. These bombs burst about 200 ft above the ground scattering spray over a considerable area. Later, aerial spraying was the preferred method. Groups of 9 to 15 aircraft followed one another so that the liquid issuing from them formed a continuous fog... soldiers, women, children, cattle, rivers, lakes and pastures were drenched continually with this deadly rain. 6... 

Cooksey RC, Holloway BP, Oldenburg MC, Listenbee S, Miller CW. Evaluation of the invader assay, a linear signal amplification method, for identification of mutations associated with resistance to rifampin and isoniazid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000 44(5) 1296-1301. 

---