Intravaginal immunization

Vaccine Vectors being Developed for Intravaginal Immunization... 

Gillgrass, A.E., A.A. Ashkar, K.L. Rosenthal, and C. Kaushic. 2003. Prolonged exposure to progesterone prevents induction of protective mucosal responses following intravaginal immunization with attenuated herpes simplex virus type 2. J Virol 77 9845. 

OHagan, D.T., D. Rafferty, S. Wharton, and L. Ilium. 1993. Intravaginal immunization in sheep using a bioadhesive microsphere antigen delivery system. Vaccine 11 660. 

Kwant, A., and K.L. Rosenthal. 2004. Intravaginal immunization with viral subunit protein plus CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induces protective immunity against HSV-2. Vaccine 22 3098. 

However, in general, only low levels of antibodies have been induced by intravaginal immunizations and the antibodies generated have been predominantly localized in the genital tract, even in the presence of potent antigen delivery systems. 

Thapar, M. Parr, E. Parr, M. The effect of adjuvants on antibody titers in mouse vaginal fluid after intravaginal immunization. J. Reprod. Immunol. 1990, 17, 207-216. 

Waldman, R. Cruz, J. Rowe, D. Intravaginal immunization of humans with Candida albicans. J. Immunology 1972, 109, 662-664. 

Neyts, J. and De Clercq, E. Effect of polyanionic componnds on intracntaneons and intravaginal herpesvirns infection in mice impact on the search for vaginal microbiocides with anti-HfV activity. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 1995, 10, 8-12. 

Intravaginal vaccination with whole cell and cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) oral cholera vaccine provided a greater success rate in providing a mucosal immune response in the female genital tract than an oral vaccination [152]. This study demonstrated that in a single individual, systemic immunity did not directly reflect the local antibody response in the mucosal... 

Dumais, N., et al. 2002. Mucosal immunization with inactivated human immunodeficiency virus plus CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induces genital immune responses and protection against intravaginal challenge. J Infect Dis 15 1098. 

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