Intratracheal exposure

Huczko, A. et al. (2005) Pulmonary toxicity of 1-D nanocarbon materials. Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Carbon Nanostructures, 13 (2), 141—145. Grubek-Jaworska, H. et al. (2006) Preliminary results on the pathogenic effects of intratracheal exposure to onedimensional nanocarbons. Carbon,... 

Zhang, Q., Y. Kusaka, K. Sato, K. Nakakuki, N. Kohyama, and K. Donaldson. 1998. Differences in the extent of inflammation caused by intratracheal exposure to three ultrafine metals role of free radicals. Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 53A 423-438. 

Kawabata, T.T., Babcock, L.S., and Horn, P.A., Specific IgE and IgGl responses to subtilisin Carlsberg (Alcalase) in mice Development of an intratracheal exposure model, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 29, 238, 1996. 

The guinea pig intratracheal test has been used to establish the relative potency of different detergent enzymes and establish safe occupational exposure levels. As the name implies, guinea pigs are sensitized by intratracheal exposure and induction of cytophilic antibodies are assessed. Dose responses obtained for new enzymes are compared to a reference enzyme for which safe exposure levels have been established. The relative potency of the new enzyme to this reference is used to establish a safe exposure level for the new enzyme. 

Rat lung (intratracheal exposure) DNA alterations + Izzotti et al. 1998 (VI) Sodium dichromate... 

All four dosing methods produced definite accumulations of DDT and its metabolites in the milk. This was of major importance since one of the questions involved in such low rates of exposure was whether there would be a measurable response. This was of special concern in the case of the single dose. A comparison showed that the intratracheal exposure resulted in slightly less total excretion of DDT and its metabolites in milk than either of the two alimentary modes of exposure. As expected,... 

Van Helden, H.P., Kuijpers, W.C., Diemel, R.V. (2004). Asthma like symptoms following intratracheal exposure of guinea pigs to sulfur mustard aerosol therapeutic efficacy of exogenous lung surfactant curosurf and salhutamol. Inhal. Toxicol. 16 537 8. 

The greatest absorption of a radioactive dose, V, was found to occur 5 minutes after administration (Roshchin et al. 1980). Most of the vanadium, 80% and 85% of the tetravalent (V4+) and pentavalent (V5+) forms of vanadium, respectively, cleared from the lungs 3 hours after intratracheal exposure (Edel and Sabbioni 1988). After 24 hours, more than 50% of vanadyl oxychloride was cleared from the lungs of male rats (Oberg et al. 1978), and at 3 days, 90% of vanadium pentoxide was eliminated from the lungs of female rats (Conklin et al. 1982). In another study 50% was cleared in 18 minutes, and the rest within a few days (Rhoads and Sanders 1985). 

Bell RR, Nonavinakere VK, Soliman MR. Intratracheal exposure of the guinea pig lung to cadmium and/or selenium a histological evaluation. Toxicol Lett 2000 114 101-109. 

For instance, Uhl [13] explains the intratracheal exposure model set up by Procter Gamble. TTie enzyme under study at various concentrations in a model detergent is intratracheally administered to a guinea pig. The enzyme concentration-dependent formation of specific antibodies (IgGla) and the observed respiratory symptoms are recorded. Hie reactions are compared to those which occur with a protease introduced as reference (Alcalase ). The dust level of studied enzyme to be accepted as safe can then be calculated. 

Available information from human exposures indicates that airborne americium-containing particles are deposited in the respiratory tract, cleared to some extent via mucociliary action, and swallowed or expelled (Edvardsson and Lindgren 1976 Fry 1976 Newton et al. 1983 Sanders 1974 Toohey and Essling 1980). Descriptions of human respiratory tract models that can be used for radiation protection also include relevant information regarding biokinetics of inhaled particles (ICRP 1994b, 1995 NCRP 1997). Quantitative data are not available, however. Supporting animal studies include inhalation exposure to aerosols of americium (Buldakov et al. 1972 DOE 1978 Gillett et al. 1985 Sanders and Mahaffey 1983 Talbot et al. 1989 Thomas et al. 1972) or intratracheal instillation of americium compounds (Moushatova et al. 1996). 

The effects of acute- and intermediate-duration inhalation lead exposure on local and systemic immune function following intratracheal, intraperitoneal, or intravenous immunization were studied in mice continuously exposed to lead nitrate for 14 or 28 days (Hillam and Ozkan 1986). Several parameters of local and systemic immune function were measured in the immunized, lead-exposed mice. Lead content... 

In summary, intratracheal instillation of CNTs has shown that their potential in eliciting adverse pulmonary effects is influenced by exposure time, CNT dose, CNT biopersistence, surface defects, and metal contamination [71, 72]. Despite the use of surfactants, all studies showed that intratracheal instillation caused major difficulties due to the agglomerative nature of CNTs in a biological environment. More realistic exposure methods, namely inhalation rather than intratracheal administration, are therefore needed for determining the pulmonary toxicity [59, 65, 73]. Several investigations have been performed by using administration different from intra-... 

C]taurine-labeled MWNTs were administered to mice by three different exposure routes (intravenous injection, gavage, and intratracheal instillation) and their biodistribution was monitored [134], After intravenous injection, [14C]taurine-labeled MWNTs accumulated in the liver, heart, and lung after gavage administration, [14C]taurine-labeled MWNTs was only detectable in the stomach, intestine, and feces. No [14C]taurine-labeled MWNTs were detected in the blood. Finally, [14C] taurine-labeled MWNTs were partly cleared from the lungs after intratracheal instillation. Since various cell and tissue types have demonstrated a high affinity for uptake of taurine, it should be noted that the label used in this investigation may have influenced the biodistribution of the MWNTs tested [101]. 

Hartmann, C. B., Harrison, M. T., and McCoy, K. L., Immunotoxicity of Gallium arsenide on antigen presentation Comparative study of intratracheal and intraperitoneal exposure routes, J. Immunotoxicol., 2, 1, 2005. 

Driscoll KE, Costa DL, Hatch G, Henderson RF, Oberdorster G, Salem H, Schlesinger RB (2000) Intratracheal instillation as an exposure technique for the evaluation of respiratory tract toxicity uses and limitations. Toxicol Sci 55 24-35. 

Bernstein, D. N., T. T. Drew, and M. Kuschner (1980). The translocation and fate of sized man-made mineral fibers following exposure by intratracheal instillation in rats, pp. 343-390. In Levin, A., ed. Proceedings of the National Workshop on Substitutes for Asbestos. EPA Doc. No. 560/3-80-001. Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Washington, DC. 

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