Intracellular microbes

Wolbachia Intracellular microbe Label-free Response to antibiotics (214)... 

Streptomycin is bactericidal for the tubercle bacillus in vitro. The vast majority of strains of M. tuberculosis are sensitive. M. kansasii is frequently sensitive, but other mycobacteria are only occasionally susceptible. Streptomycin in vivo does not eradicate the tubercle bacillus, probably because the drug does not readily enter living cells and thus cannot kill intracellular microbes. 

Intracellular microbes such as Lawsonia intracellu-laris, the causative agent of proliferative enteropathy... 

In conclusion, the role of chemokines and their receptors continue to be investigated in asthmatic diseases. The role of specific chemokine receptor/ ligand systems will depend upon the nature of the inciting stimulus (i.e., non-infectious vs. infectious), as well as the intracellular (viral) versus extracellular (fungal) nature of microbes. Given the broad nature of the classification of asthmatic disease, a number of chemokine receptors as potential targets continue to be relevant. 

Microbes that lack a specific active transport system for removing toxic metals may be able to sequester heavy metals either inside or outside of the cell. Intracellular sequestration occurs when cytoplasmic metal-binding molecules are produced in response to metal stress, preventing the metals from interacting with vital cell structures. The two most common molecules used for intracellular... 

Chisti Y, Moo-Young M (1986) Disruption of microbial cells for intracellular products. Enz Microb Tech 8 194—204... 

Cervi L, MacDonald AS, Kane C, Dzierszinski F, Pearce EJ Dendritic cells copulsed with microbial and helminth antigens undergo modified maturation, segregate the antigens to distinct intracellular compartments, and concurrently induce microbe-specific Thl and helminth-specific Th2 responses. J Immunol 2004 172 2016-2020. 

Cost-effective Enzymes. Submerged fermentation was the key to obtaining cost effective enzymes. As was the case for penicillin, success in submerged fermentation of microbes that produced the intracellular enzyme... 

Non-enzymatic attack In non-enzymatic attack of minerals by microbes, reactive products of microbial metabolism come into play. The microbial enzymes responsible for metabolic product formation are located below the cell envelope, in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) and in cell organelles and/or the cytoplasm of eukaryotes (e.g. fungi, algae, lichens). In these instances of microbial attack, physical contact of the microbial cells with the surface of a mineral being attacked is not essential. The reactive metabolic products are formed intracellularly and are then excreted into the bulk phase where they are able to interact chemically, i.e. non-enzymatically, with a susceptible mineral. Depending on the type of metabolic product and mineral, the interaction with the mineral may result in mineral dissolution or mineral diagenesis by oxidation or reduction or acid or base attack. Mineral dissolution or diagenesis may also be the result of complexation by a microbial metabolic product with that capacity. In some instances mineral attack may involve a combination of some of these reactions. 

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