International Ground-Source

International Ground Source Heat Pump Association (IGSHPA)... 

The Earth Energy Society of Canada is an organization that was established by a small group of industry members to promote groimd-source heat-pump systems. The organization provides information about the technology, a list of members, and a directory of International Ground-Source Heat Pump Association-accredited system contractors located across the cormtry. 

Ozgener O., Hepbasli A. (2005). Experimental investigation of the performance of a solar-assisted ground-source heat pump system for greenhouse heating. International Journal of Energy Research, 29(3), 217-231. 

One of the preferred methods for analyte detection in microfiuidic devices is based on the phenomenon of chemiluminescence (CL), which offers a simple but sensitive means of monitoring low level analyte concentrations [26]. CL reactions typically involve the formation of a metastable reaction intermediate or product in an electronically excited state, which subsequently relaxes to the ground state with the emission of a photon. CL is particularly attractive for portable microfiuidic assays, because the CL reaction acts as an internal light-source, thereby lowering instrumental requirements and significantly reducing power consumption and background interference compared to fluorescence assays. CL-based systems have been successfully applied to on-chip electrophoretic separation of metal ions, immunoassays, and enzyme assays [27], and consequently there is considerable interest in... 

Internal flooding sources E-3 Loss of confinement—Ground/surface water runoff E-5 Criticality—Increased moderation... 

Government and University Research. The International Energy Association (lEA) has several annexes under its heat pump program dedicated specifically to studying and promoting applications of heat-pump systems. Annexes are country-specific activities that occur under the lEA banner. lEA activities focus primarily on ground-source heat pumps and include examination of barriers to heat-pump implementation. 

Natural Resources Canada provides online access to RETScreen International, a standardized renewable energy project analysis software program that features case studies and free ground-source heat-pump project modeling. The Canadian Office of Energy Efficiency provides information about heat-pump applications. 

Ions formed in an electrospray or similar ion source are said to be thermolized, which is to say that their distribution of internal energies is close to that expected for their normal room-temperature ground state. Such ions have little or no excess of internal energy and exhibit no tendency to fragment. This characteristic is an enormous advantage for obtaining molecular mass information from the stable molecular ions, although there is a lack of structural information. 

Resonant y-ray absorption is directly connected with nuclear resonance fluorescence. This is the re-emission of a (second) y-ray from the excited state of the absorber nucleus after resonance absorption. The transition back to the ground state occurs with the same mean lifetime t by the emission of a y-ray in an arbitrary direction, or by energy transfer from the nucleus to the K-shell via internal conversion and the ejection of conversion electrons (see footnote 1). Nuclear resonance fluorescence was the basis for the experiments that finally led to R. L. Mossbauer s discovery of nuclear y-resonance in ir ([1-3] in Chap. 1) and is the basis of Mossbauer experiments with synchrotron radiation which can be used instead of y-radiation from classical sources (see Chap. 9). 

With the surface ionization source it is generally assumed that the reactant ion internal state distribution is characterized by the source temperature and that the majority of the reactant ions are in their ground electronic state. This contrasts with the uncertainty in reactant state distributions when transition metal ions are generated by electron impact fragmentation of volatile organometallic precursors (10) or by laser evaporation and ionization of solid metal targets (11). Many examples... 

The cacao plant, Theobroma cacao, is the source of chocolate which is well known and highly prized in international commerce. The cacao pods contain beans which are fermented and pressed to provide a brown liquid which is the raw material for chocolate. The press cake is ground and sold as cocoa and it also provides a brown colorant. The pods, beans, shells, husks and stems have also been suggested as colorants. They contain a very complex mixture of acyl acids, leucoanthocyanins, flavonoid polymers, tannins, and catechin-type polymers.33... 

The above considerations lead us naturally to the question of the nature of the one or more intermediate states involved directly in the photochemical reaction. We have displayed in Figure 27 the simplest scheme consistent with the above, admittedly preliminary, experimental results. The prime superscript refers to the frans-isomer, while the processes denoted 1, 2, 3,4, and 5 describe fluorescence, Sx S0 internal conversion, Si -> X intersystem crossing, isomerization, and deactivation to the ground state, respectively. Again, X and X may represent a common state, as, for example, is the case with the twisted triplet in ethylene (cf. Mulliken and Roothaan190 and Kaldor and Shavitt191). As late as 1962, investigators were still unable to determine the source of the temperature... 

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