International Cooperative Disease

National and international cooperative efforts for sharing data are mandatory to achieve the large sample sizes required and allow metaanalyses of data (120,121), which can be very powerful. Study of genetic effects common to multiple diseases will also increasingly be of considerable interest (121,122). The most efficient scheme for completing a pooled association screen is for a large collaborative study of several diseases with division of microsatellites among laboratories (65). 

Gilat T, Hacohen D, Lilos P, Langman MJ. Childhood factors in ulcerative colitis and Crohn s disease. An international cooperative study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987 22(8) 1009-24. 

The National Training and Technical Support Team (NTTST), based in the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine (now the China Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, known as China CDC), was created in 1993 following the national advocacy meeting to provide training, technical support and international cooperation... 

The International Cooperative Study on the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease has yielded key data on the role of diet (13). This prospective international study of 18 population samples in seven countries - Finland, Greece, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, United States, and Yugoslavia - deals with observations on approximately 12,000 men, originally age 40 to 59, who have been studied for about a decade. Marked differences in the prevalence and incidence of coronary heart disease were recorded among the population samples from seven countries. 

Fig. 2. International Cooperative Study on Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease average percentage of dietary calories provided by saturated, mono-ene, and polysaturated fatty acids (13).

Fig. 3. International Cooperative Study on Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease men originally age 40-59 in seven countries relationship between percentage of total calories provided by saturated fatty acids in the diet of the cohorts and age-standardized 5-year incidence rate for fatal coronary heart disease plus non-fatal myocardial infarction. The cohorts are ...

Data from the International Cooperative Study on the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease indicate that interpopulation differences in 5 years incidence rates for coronary heart disease are attributable in part to differences in prevalence of hypertension among the 18 samples of middle-aged men (13). 

The International Chronic Granulomatous Disease Cooperative Study Group., A controlled trial of interferon gamma to prevent infection in chronic granulomatous disease., N. Engl. J. Med, 324, 509, 1991. 

Bicarbonate does not increase left ventricular contractility during L-lactic acidemia in pigs. American Review of Respiratory Disease 148 317-322 Cooper D J, Walley K R, Dodek P M et al 1992 Plasma ionized calcium and blood lactate concentrations are inversely associated in human lactic acidosis. Intensive Care M icine 18 286-289 Corley K T T 2002 Fluid therapy for horses with gastrointestinal diseeises. In Smith B P (ed) Large animal internal medicine, 3rd edn. Mosby, St Louis, MO, pp. 682-694... 

In addition, FDA engages in various cooperative projects with organizations such as the National Institutes of Health, the Centers for Disease Control, the Drug Enforcement Agency and the US Public Health Service (many of whose officers serve attachments to FDA). A certain amount of independent research is supported in the FDA budget, as well as international liaisons. FDA, too, conducts lobbying and legislative functions. 

Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM, et al. A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST) A randomized, controlled trial. JAMA 2003 290 2805-2816. 

Cooper RJ, Hoffman JR, Bartlett JG, et al. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute pharyngitis in adults Background. Clinical practice guideline, part II (endorsed by the Center for Disease Control, American Academy of Family Physicians, and the American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine). Ann Intern Med 2001 134 509-517. 

Cooper JD, Bird SM (2003) Predicting incidence of variant Crentzfeldt-Jakob disease from UK dietary exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy for the 1940 to 1969 and post-1969 birth cohorts. International Journal of Epidemiology 32 784-791. 

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