Internal properties

Given a set of data related to a number of measurements, after the application of proper feature extraction, pre-processing and normalization, exploratory techniques aim at studying the intrinsic characteristics of the data in order to discover eventual internal properties. 

The relation between chemistry and petrography, the science of the classification of rocks, was somewhat closer since chemical composition was thought by some petrographers to offer a basis for rational classification. But early efforts to categorize rocks by their chemical composition were frustrated as it was discovered that it was impossible to find simple chemical formulas for these bodies. Rocks of different mineral composition fell into the same chemical categories, and rocks that were chemically alike were sometimes quite different in structure, texture, and field relations. Moreover, the success of H. Clifton Sorby s technique for the microscopic study of thin sections of rocks accentuated the tendency to identify rocks on the basis of external rather than internal properties (14, 15). 

Researchers estimate that known reserves of industrially important transition metals, such as manganese and iron, will be depleted in less than a human lifetime. Scattered about the ocean floor are billions of tonnes of small chunks of rock ranging in diameter from several millimetres to several metres. These nodules, as they are called, consist mainly of manganese and iron oxides, but contain smaller amounts of other transition-metal compounds as well. The ocean floor is designated as international property. Therefore, no single country may claim ownership of this vast potential resource. Write an editorial that outlines your recommendations for how this resource may be shared. 

Here, since the two ligands differ in their internal properties, we set = QiA)X /Q(0) and kgCg = Q(B)Xg/Q(0). The three terms on the rhs of Eq. (2.5.5) correspond to the three occupation states of the molecule empty, occupied by A, occupied by B. In this case we can define a BI for each type of ligand. 

The simplest case of cooperativity occurs when there exists direct interaction between the two ligands occupying the two sites. The internal properties of the adsorbent molecule are still assumed to be unaffected by the binding process. The four possible states of the system are as in Fig. 4.1, but a and b are now identical. The corresponding coefficients in the GPF are... 

These phenomena are related to internal properties of the molecule. Among organic molecules, the behavior of and its chemically modified forms is unique. 

Clearly achieving a narrow cluster size distribution is of paramount importance for minimizing inhomogenious broadening of interband excitonic optical absorption, but an equally important consideration is the limitation imposed on the theoretical models of X when the QD s become so minute that their internal properties change compared to the bulk semiconductor parent. 

Any real system is known to suffer constantly from the perturbing effects of its environment. One can hardly build a model accounting for all the perturbations. Besides, as a rule, models account for the internal properties of the system only approximately. It is these two factors that are responsible for the discrepancy between real systems and theoretical models. This discrepancy is different for various objects of modem science. For example, for the objects of planetary mechanics this discrepancy can be very small. On the other hand, in chemical kinetics (particularly in heterogeneous catalysis) it cannot be negligible. Strange as it is, taking into consideration such unpredictable discrepancies between theoretical models and real systems can simplify the situation. Perturbations "smooth out some fine details of dynamics. 

All of the internal properties such as pore size, surface area, catalytic species location, and catalytic surface area are important since the five fundamental steps mentioned in the opening paragraph are operative. 

The rate-based stage model parameters describing the mass transfer and hydrodynamic behavior comprise mass transfer coefficients, specific contact area, liquid hold-up, residence time distribution characteristics and pressure drop. Usually they have to be determined by extensive and expensive experimental estimation procedures and correlated with process variables and specific internals properties. 

A system reaches the thermodynamic equilibrium state when it is left for a long time with no external disturbances. At equilibrium the internal properties are fully determined by the external properties. This makes it easy to describe such systems for example, if the temperature is not uniform within the system, heat is exchanged with the immediate surrounding until the system reaches a thermal equilibrium, at which the total internal eneigy U and entropy S are completely specified by the temperature, volume, and number of moles. Therefore, at equilibrium there are no thermodynamic forces operating within the system (Figure 2.1). Equilibrium systems are stable. For small deviations, the system can spontaneously return to the state of equilibrium. Equilibrium correlations result from short-range intermolecular interactions. Existence of the extremum principles is a characteristic property of equilibrium thermodynamics. 

It is a misinterpretation of the concept of a phase to consider these two possible sites for a counterion as separate phases. This confuses a macroscopic property of a well-defined phase (a solid) in equilibrium with another well-defined phase (a homogeneous electrolyte solution) with an internal property of an inhomogeneous single phase, the macroionic (or colloidal or gel) phase. It divides the macroionic phase into two regions that have no physical counterpart. 

Reflections on Patent Protection of Products of Nature Part One International Review of International Property and Copyright Law 9,(5) 409-421, 1978 Part Two ibd. 9(6) 523-541, 1978... 

A full quantum-mechanical treatment of the solute plus the solvent molecules may appear to be a too complicated approach. It would 5neld detailed information about the internal properties of the solvent molecules, that is not sought, and it would do so at the cost of large computational requirements. Only the properties of the solute are of interest as well as to which extent they are influenced by the presence of the solvent. Thus, only the effects of the solvent molecules outside their inner parts are of relevance. Therefore, simplified approaches that describe only those effects may be useful. 

Epoxy-polysulphide adducts or prepolymers are commercially available under the trade name ELP (a trade mark of Morton International). Properties of one such adduct, ELP-3 are presented in Table 10.1. 

Abrahams, S. C. Physical properties and atomic arrangement. In Crystallography in North America. (Eds., McLachlan, D., Jr., and Glusker, J. P.) Section E. Internal properties of matter. Chapter 1, pp. 291-293 American Crystallographic Association New York. (1983). 

Keefer, B.G. and Doman, D.G. WIPO International Publication No. W097/39821. World International Property Organization pubhshed under the Patent Corporation Treaty (PCT), 1997. 

Chalothorn D, McCune DF, Edelmann SE, Garcia-Cazarin ML, Tsujimoto G, Piascik MT. Differences in the cellular localization and agonist-mediated internalization properties of the -adrenoceptor subtypes. Mol Pharmacol 2002 61 1008-1016. 

Other internal properties of the entities, which simplify conventional definitions rather than the system itself, e.g., whether an entity updates its memory after each transaction. 

Internalization properties of Sm-DOTATATE studied in AR42J rat pancreatic carcinoma cells showed that the agent is rapidly internalized into the cells. The radioactivity bound to receptors was found to reach a plateau after a 2 min incubation, with a slight increase in the internalized radioactivity over time (Fig. 5.8). 

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