Interleukin preparations

Table 5.2. Some interleukin preparations approved for general medical use (or in clinical trials) and the disease(s) for which they are indicated. The developing company is also listed. The drug status refers to its status in the USA...

Reconstitution of T-ceU deficiencies with thymic hormones has not been successhil even though the various hormone preparations induce prothymocyte differentiation and functions of mature T-ceUs. They do not regulate the maturation of thymocytes in the thymus. In contrast, IL-2, endotoxin, thymic epithehal cell products, but not interleukin 1, were found to promote functional maturation of immature thymocytes. Two classes of dmgs show thymomimetic actions (Table 2). Levamisole [14769-73-4], sodium salt of diethyl dithiocarbamate (imuthiol) and certain... 

Figure 9 Relative accuracy of comparative models. Upper left panel, comparison of homologous structures that share 40% sequence identity. Upper right panel, conformations of ileal lipid-binding protein that satisfy the NMR restraints set equally well. Lower left panel, comparison of two independently determined X-ray structures of interleukin 1(3. Lower right panel, comparison of the X-ray and NMR structures of erabutoxin. The figure was prepared using the program MOLSCRIPT [236].

Yamashita reported anti-inflammatory effect of astaxanthin when administered with aspirin. An oral preparation has been developed by Alejung and Wadstroem for the treatment of Helicobacter infections of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. Strong evidence suggested that astaxanthin modulated the humoral and non-humoral immune systems. It enhanced the release of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-... 

Aldesleukin is with recombinant technology prepared interleukin-2 (IL-2). IL-2 binds to the IL-2 receptor and so stimulates proliferation of T-helper cells and cytotoxic T-cells. It also activates macrophages and stimulates B-cell activity. It is used in metastasized renal carcinoma. Life threatening car-diotoxicity may occur. Other adverse effects include bone marrow depression and neurotoxicity with manifestations varying from somnolence to delirium. 

Sample preparation procedures for GC are generially more involved. For example, for methadone hydrochloride, 0.5jV sodium hydroxide is added to give the free base, followed by extraction with methylene chloride. An internal standard is added after the extract is dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate [3, p. 970]. The assay of interleukin-la formulated with human serum albumin does not require any sample treatment prior to analysis by capillary electrophoresis [44]. 

Walsh (2003) defined biopharmaceuticals as therapeutic protein or nucleic acid preparations made by techniques involving recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology. Therapeutic proteins include blood clotting factors and plasminogen activators, hemopoietic factors, hormones, interferons and interleukins, and monoclonal antibodies (LeVine, 2006). Over time, the term biopharmaceutical has broadened, and, in addition to proteins and nucleic acids, now includes bacteriophages, viral and bacterial vaccines, vectors for gene therapy, and cells for cell therapy (Primrose and Twyman, 2004). Attention here focuses on proteins, since the majority of approved biopharmaceuticals are proteins. 

Phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, rifampin, rifabutin Iopanoic acid, ipodate, amiodarone, beta-blockers, corticosteroids, propylthiouracil, cholestyramine, colestipol, aluminium hydroxide, sucralfate, ferrous sulfate, some calcium preparations Interferon-c/, interleukin-2... 

Recombinant human interleukin-4 (rhIL-4) is a monomeric protein with a molecular weight of 15,400 Da and pi of 9.2, with three intrachain disulfide bonds. It is a cytokine that has been investigated for cancer therapy. CZE of rhIL-4 mixtures prepared by in vitro degradation has been performed in uncoated capillaries with 50 m M 1,3-diaminopropane and phosphate buffers with pH ranging from 4.5 to 8.O.40 The resolution of degradation products by CZE appeared to be superior to HPLC. 

Dianilino squarates, (V), prepared by Palovich (6) were effective in the treatment of diseases mediated by the chemokine, interleukin-8, and were used in the treating atopic dermatitis resulting in pruritus. 

Kawai A, Kawai M, Murata Y, Takada J, Sakakibara M (1998) Preparation of pyridylpyr-roles as interleukin and tumor necrosis factor antagonists. PCT Int Appl. CODEN PIXXD2 WO 9802430 A1 19980122, p 95... 

Prestrelski et al. [32] using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and accelerated stability studies examined interleukin-2 (lL-2) with respect to pH and stabilizers that provide optimal storage stability for the lyophilized product. lL-2 prepared at pH 5 is approximately an order of magnitude more stable than at pH 7 with regard to formation of soluble and insoluble aggregates. 

Seder, R,A., Paul, W.E., Dvorak, A.M., Sharkis, S.J., Kagey-Sobotka, A., Niv, Y., Finkelman, F.D., Barieri, S.A., Galli, S.J. and Plaut, M. (1991b). Mouse splenic and bone marrow preparation that express high-affinity epsilon receptor and produce interleukin 4 are highly enriched basophils. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 2836-2839. 

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