Interleukin-la

IL-Ia. IL-1 8 Interleukin-la, -1(3 ILR Interleukin receptor IL-IR, IL-2R IL-3R - IL-6R Interleukin-1 - 6 receptors IL-lRa Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist... 

Shamash, S., Reichert, F. and Rotshenker, S. The cytokine network of Wallerian degeneration tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin-la, and interleukin-ip. J. Neurosci. 22 3052-3060, 2002. 

Lomri, A., Lemonnier, J., Delannoy, R, and Marie, P.J., Increased expression of protein kinase-Ca, interleukin-la, and RhoA guanosine 5 -triphosphatase in osteoblasts expressing the ser252trp fibroblast growth factor 2 apert mutation identification by analysis of complementary DNA microarray, /. Bone Mineral Res., 16, 705-712, 2001. 

In hirman keratinocyte cultures, triethanolamine was categorized as a weak inducer of a delayed (> 4 h) stimulation of the release of key mediators (arachidonic acid, eicosanoids, interleukin-la) that are known to be indicative of hyperproliferative and inflammatory events in human skin (Miiller-Decker et al., 1994). In line with the in-vitro irritancy tests, triethanolamine was found to be a non-irritant in a clinical patch testing study of human skin in 20 male volunteers (Miiller-Decker et al., 1998). 

The three molecules of the IL-1 family, interleukin-la (IL-la), interleukin-1 3 (IL-ip), and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-IRa) map to the long arm of chromosome two in the human genome. It appears that the family arose via a gene duplication event some 350 million years ago, and the molecules possess between 27.5 and 36% sequence identity with each other (Table 2) [1,14,15]. In addition, the genes for the two IL-1 receptors IL-1R1 and IL-1RII [16,17], and an IL-1R accessory protein (IL-lRacP), which binds to the IL-1, IL-1 receptor complex [18], have been identified. Together, these molecules via their differential activity serve primarily to modulate the host defense mechanism. 

Svenson M, Hensen MB, Bendtzen K. Distribution and characterization of autoantibodies to interleukin-la in normal human sera. Scand J Immunol 1990 32 695. 

Slack J, McMahan CJ, Waugh S, Schooley K, Spriggs MK, Sims JE, Dower SK. Independent binding of interleukin-la and interleukin-ip to type I and type II interleukin-1 receptors. J Biol Chem 1993 268 2513. 

Lee, W.Y, Fischer, S.M., Butler, A.P. Locniskar, M.F. (1993) Modulation of interleukin-la mRNA expression in mouse epidermis by tumor promoters and antagonists. Mol. Carcinog., 7, 26-35... 

Sample preparation procedures for GC are generially more involved. For example, for methadone hydrochloride, 0.5jV sodium hydroxide is added to give the free base, followed by extraction with methylene chloride. An internal standard is added after the extract is dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate [3, p. 970]. The assay of interleukin-la formulated with human serum albumin does not require any sample treatment prior to analysis by capillary electrophoresis [44]. 

Plotkin SR, Banks WA, Kashn AJ (1996) Comparison of satui able hansport and exti acellulai pahiways in hie passage of interleukin-la across hie blood-brain baiTier. J Neui oimmuiiol 67 41 7. 

Banks WA, Farr SA, La Scola ME, Morley JE (2001) Intravenous human interleukin-la impairs memory processing in mice Dependence on blood-brain barrier transport into posterior division of the septum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 299 536-541. 

Banks WA, Kastin AJ, Ehrensing CA (1994) Transport of blood-bome interleukin-la across the endothelial blood-spinal cord barrier of mice. J Physiol (London) 479 257-264. 

Hempe, J. M., Carlson, J. M., and Cousins, R. J. (1991). Intestinal metallothionein gene expression and zinc absorption in rats are zinc-responsive but refractory to dexametha-sone and interleukin la. /. Nufr. 121,1389-1396. 

Staurosporine (36), an indole carbazol alkaloid isolated from Streptomyces staurosporeus was considered the most potent protein kinase inhibitor until the discovery of balanol. Staurosporine is not a selective inhibitor because it also inhibits PKA, PKG and tyrosine kinases at similar concentrations [1], This compound has significant cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects in vitro and several of its related analogues show antitumour activity in animal models. In addition, staurosporine and derivatives have been used to explore the role of PKC in cell functions. For instance, Jordan et al. [95] studied the ability of staurosporine and other PKC inhibitors to affect TNFa and interleukin-la (EL-la)-induced chemokine gene expression and protein production in synovial fibroblasts. In these circumstances, staurosporine enhanced IL-la-induced chemokine mRNA production. A possible explanation for this result is that the mechanisms of gene expression could be negatively regulated by different isoforms of PKC. [95]. Previously it had been observed that staurosporine... 

Weller, P.F., Rand, T.H., Barrett, T., Elovic, A., Wong, D.T, and Finberg, R.W. (1993). Accessory cell function of human eosinophils HLA-DR dependent, MHC-restricted antigen-presentation and interleukin-la formation. J. Immunol. 150, 2554-2562. 

Many studies focused on growth factors derived from the Kupffer cell. Activated NPCs, particularly Kupffer cells, produce cytokines such as TNFa, interleukin-la, and interleukin-Ip (ILla, ILIP). These cytokines affect the fate of neighboring hepatocytes. TNFa is able to increase hepatocyte proliferation and suppress apoptosis in cultured rodent hepatocytes (Holden et al. 2000 Rolfe et al. 

Pu Y, Lin P, Vaughan FL et al. (1995). Appearance of interleukin la relates DNA interstrand cross-links and cytotoxicity in cultured human keratinocytes exposed to bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulphide. J Appl Toxicol, 15, 477 -82. 

A second example is interleukin 1, which was first defined as a lymphocyte activity factor produced by macrophages and other cell types (84, 85). Interleukin activities are mediated by two distinct protease products (interleukin la and interleukin IjS) (86, 87). Plasmids containing interleukin 1/3 have been used to express both wild-type and mutant proteins in E. coli (88). The nucleotide sequence shows the presence of two cysteines located at amino acids 8 and 71. 

Besides the O2 production by stimulated immune system cells (such as macrophages and neutrophils exposed to oxidative burst during the inflammatory process) 21-25a), the steady release of O2 over time intervals has been observed in human fibroblasts in response to cytokines such as interleukin-la and tumor necrosis factor-a 25). This suggests that continuous O2 production may have a role in the regulation of inflammatory processes (7). Consequently, the role of superoxide dismutases in such compartments may be that of ensuring O2 homeostasis rather than its scavenging. 

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