Interactions with insulin

Recombinant IGF-1 (genetically engineered) was reported to be effective when injected intramuscularly because it causes localized growth. This was the most popular method, and the agreed wisest for the most part. The drug has a half-life of about 10 minutes, and if it is or has been bound to IGF -BP-3, (INSULIN GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN) the half- life is extended to about 12 hours. Pro s often stacked Insulin and/or GH with IGF-1 because IGF-1 shuts off natural GH production and GH causes Insulin resistance. IGF-1 is often referred to as Pro-insulin because it counteracts Insulin resistance and interacts with insulin. But this would actually be an untrue term for IGF-1. 

Soybean-derived sterol mixture (SS), soybean-derived steryl glucosides (SG), and their individual components have been extensively studied for their ability to promote the nasal absorption of drugs, particularly insulin [79,80], Maitani et al. [79] demonstrated that the nasal administration of SG plus insulin to rabbits resulted in significant reductions in blood glucose. The effect of SG was dose dependent to 1%, with a plateau being reached thereafter. Muramatsu et al. [81] have demonstrated that SG perturbs the phospholipids in artificial membranes (i.e., liposomes). Furthermore, circular dichroism studies with insulin in the presence or absence of SG have indicated that the enhancer had little effect on the dissociation of insulin hexamers to monomers. These results suggest that the action of SS and SG involves interaction with the nasal membrane rather than interaction with insulin molecules. 

Vanadium compounds interact with insulin-activated signal transduction pathways by inhibiting protein phosphatases, as shown in Figure 11.1 for the insulin... 

A quite unique feature of signalling through the insulin receptor is the participation of receptor-specific substrates. i z -phe need for substrates is thought to reflect the weak interactions of the phosphorylated insulin receptor with SH2 domains of docking proteins. Consequently, the insulin receptor can not directly recruit adaptors and transducers, as do EGF and other growth-factor tjrosine kinase receptors. This is supported by the properties of a mutated insulin receptor which cannot interact with insulin receptor substrates (IRSs). This mutant receptor could not signal, although it was still autophosphorylated. 

Data in Table 19 show the variations In the IMM of PMAA molecules (or poly-(acrylic acid), PAA), when these interact with insulin The polymer complex was se rated from the unreacted molecules. The great decrease in intramolecular motions in PMAA macromolecules as compared to those of PAA in polymer complexes with insulin may be due to hydrophobic interactions between methyl groups of PMAA and non-polar grou K of insulin in aqueous PMAA-insuIin solutions. Kinetic characteristics of intermolecular interactions in the polymer-polymer complexes have also been studied by tlK PL methodThe dependence of kinetic parameters of intermolecular interactions on the structure of interacting chains, their length and the chemical nature of bonds in PC has also been investigated... 

N-Acetylglucosamine also shows a specific interaction with insulin. Affinity chromatography experiments have evidenced results very close to those observed in the case of sialic acid. An interesting result... 

Carvalho CR, Carvalheira JB, Lima MH, et al. Novel signal transduction pathways for luteinizing hormone and interaction with insulin activation of Janus kinase/ signal transducer and activator of transcription and phosphoinositol 3 kinase/Akt pathways. Endocrinology 2003 144 638-647. 

Clinically important, potentially hazardous interactions with insulin, iron, selenium... 

Human secretion of GH occurs from the pituitary gland (which is found at the base of the brain). Some travels the vascular system to muscle and bone tissue resulting in direct initiation of anabolism through alternate growth factor/somatomedin formation (IGF-1 2 are formed due to cascade responses). Some travels to the liver where it interacts with insulin and other factors to form hepatic introduced circulatory growth factors/somatomedins. 

Table 32.6 Amino Acid Interactions with Insulin Receptor ChainN-terminus C-terminus...

Filamin 95557 Insulin causes changes in cytoskeleton, flilamin A may interact with insulin receptor [32]... 

Oriente, F., F. Andreozzi, C. Romano et al. Protein kinase C-alpharegulates insulin action and degradation by interacting with insulin receptor substrate-1 and 14-3-3 epsilon. 

Surfactants are frequently used as enhancers, but such compounds interact with insulin, often in an unpredictable way. Thus, enthalpy measurements of the interaction of alkyl sulfates with insulin have shown a high degree of binding of these anionic surfactant to insulin, as compared to nonassociating globular proteins (SarmientoeJ a/., 1992 Prieto eJ a/., 1993). Cationic surfactants also interact with insulin (Ushiwata et al, 1975). In some cases insulin precipitation can be observed (Birdi, 1973 Shao et al, 1992) in other situations, the solubihty of insulin is markedly increased (Touitoue/uf/., 1987). 

Data in Table 19 show the variations in the IMM of WlAA molecules (or poly-(acrylic acid), PAA), when these interact with insulin The polymer complex... 

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