Intensified separation

Note that China has exploited rotating intensified separation plant offshore and onshore rather rapidly - see the apphcations chapters. In Europe and North America exploitation of these particular technologies has been slower. 

It may be said that advances in separation technology during the past 20 years should enable this concern to be overcome - HiGee and the micro-distillation column of Velocys are two examples in support of this. In a positive vein the report suggests that by combining multi-phase metering and pumping capabilities with intensified separations and heat transfer equipment, subsea completions and transfer of products to shore may be feasible. 

Application of task-specific ionic liquids for intensified separations. Monatsh te fiir Chemie, 138,11,1125-1136, ISSN 0026-9247... 

Concentrate. An action to intensify in strength or purity by the removal of valueless or unneeded constituents, ie separation of ore or metal from its containing rock or earth. The concentration of ores always proceeds by steps or stages. Liberation of mineral values is often the initial step. Concentrate also means a product of concentration, ie, enriched ore after removal of waste in a beneficiation mill. 

Sample prepai ation is a limited stage of the analytieal proeess taking about 90 % time of praetieally any method of element analysis for determination of both basie substanees and admixtures. The intensifieation of sample prepai ation stage is one of the important problems in analytieal praetiee. For the deeision of this problem we offer use of the eombined ehemieal and physieal influenees on a number of proeesses of a sample prepai ation stage (deeomposition, eoneentrating, separating ete.). 

A more flexible option from an operational viewpoint is the implementation of process-oriented enhancements that intensify particle separation. This can be achieved by two different methods. In the first method, the suspension to be separated is pretreated to obtain a cake with minimal resistance. This involves the addition of filter aids, flocculants or electrolytes to the suspension. In the second method, the period during which suspensions are formed provides the opportunity to alter suspension properties or conditions that are more favorable to... 

Centrifugation is the application of rotational velocity to enhance the effect of gravity and intensify the separation of phases. It can be applied in two distinct ways... 

Crystals suspended in liquors emerging from crystallizers are normally passed to solid-liquid separation devices such as gravity settlers or thickeners that may subsequently feed filters to remove yet more liquid prior to drying. Here the transport processes of particle motion and the flow of fluids through porous media are important in determining equipment size, the operation of which may be intensified by application of a centrifugal force. 

Because of the number of citations, only selected imidazoquinolines are described, and biological activity is mentioned only briefly. The largest increase in the number of citations was caused by the discovery of the antibacterial properties of nalidixic acid type drugs. Efforts to prepare the bioisosters, for example of oxolinic acid, intensified in the early 1970s, and the discovery of the carcinogenic properties of 2-aminoimidazoquinolines followed in the early 1980s. These azoloquinolines can be considered as benzene-separated deazapurines. 

Polyhydric Alcohols. (Polyols). An alcohol with three or more hydroxyl groups, each attached to a different carbon atom. They are w-sol and of sweetish taste, which tends to intensify with increasing hydroxyl content. Examples of polyols of ordn interest are listed below. Polyvinyl alcohol is considered in a separate entry as a polymer although it is defined as a polyhydric alcohol. Polyols, when nitrated, make excellent expls, proplnt binders, plasticizers, etc. Prepn can follow the procedure of Lenth DuPuis (Ref 3) which uses a methanol suspension of either sucrose or dextrose and a special Cu-Al oxide catalyst to yield 60-65% distillable polyols at 240° and 1500psi Refs 1) Beil — refs found under individual compds 2) CA, under Alcohols, Polyhydric for compds of current ordn interest 3) C.W. Lenth R.N. DuPuis, "Polyhydric Alcohol Production by Hydrogenolysis of Sugars in the Presence of Copper-Aluminum Oxide , IEC 37, 152-57 (1945) CA 39, 1391 (1945)... 

For the sake of developing commercial reactors with high performance for direct synthesis of DME process, a novel circulating slurry bed reactor was developed. The reactor consists of a riser, down-comer, gas-liquid separator, gas distributor and specially designed internals for mass transfer and heat removal intensification [3], Due to density difference between the riser and down-comer, the slurry phase is eirculated in the reactor. A fairly good flow structure can be obtained and the heat and mass transfer can be intensified even at a relatively low superficial gas velocity. 

Weatherley (1998) has discussed all the relevant aspects of the separation of low molecular weight biologically produced molecules by solvent extraction. A high degree of selectivity can be realized by careful selection of the solvent. Problems associated with the rheology of the broth, the presence of surfactants and solid materials needs to be recognized. There is a scope to consider intensified electrostatic contact for broth dispersion and separation. Examples covered in this treatise include penicillin G and cA-dihydrodiols. 

In Section 4.3.3 the use of hydrotropes for intensifying multiphase reactions and making them more selective was covered. The key advantage of an aqueous solution of a hydrotrope is that the solute can be recovered by diluting the aqueous solution, after extraction, to a hydrotope concentration below the critical hydrotrope concentration, when a major part of the product will separate out. The diluted solution can then be reconcentrated at reduced pressure to the original concentration for recycle. Thus a number of products of commercial value, such as phenyl ethyl alcohol, can be recovered (Friberg et al 1996 Gaikar and Phatak, 1999). 

The move by the European Commission to make three separate pieces of legislation out of an original single draft directive on waste electrical and electronic equipment has probably served to intensify the focus onbrominated flame retardants in these applications. Under the draft, EU countries shall ensure that the use of lead, mercury,... 

In the following section, the use of intensified (gravitational) fields is given as an example of the way in which the operation of both reactors and separation units may be intensified and smaller, more efficient, units may be developed. 

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