Integrated biorefinery biodiesel

The significant advances that have been made in the implementation of the biorefinery concept with the production of biofuels, such as bioethanol and biodiesel from sugar cane, corn starch and plant oils, have set a solid foundation for the expansion of the concept into other applications such as chemicals and will help to reach the goal of integrated biorefineries. 

INTEGRATED BIOREFINERY OE BIOETHANOL AND PLATEORM CHEMICALS TABLE 22.2 Comparison of Biodiesel Properties (Bharathiraja et al., 2014)... 

Most interesting investigations in this field include different approaches to the biorefinery concept involving cottonseed. To serve as an example, Zhu et al. proposed the production of biodiesel, sterols, gossypol, and raffinose and nontoxic cottonseed meal in an integrated biorefinery, by a two-phase extraction process, using supercritical methanol (Zhu et al., 2014). Simultaneous production of alpha-tocopherol (a natural antioxidant) and FAME was also presented as a viable biorefinery concept (Zhu et al., 2012). 

Opportunities may be available to use the method as the front-end to a soybean biorefinery to produce oil for biodiesel, ethanol from soy fiber (cell walls), and value-added protein products, and to integrate into small-scale, organic and identity-preserved processing strategies. In this approach (Fig. 11.20), several new steps were incorporated including step of flaking and twin-screw extruding to achieve more... 

Phase I biorefineries are integrated facilities limited to a single feedstock (e.g., corn or oils) which is converted into a single major product (e.g., ethanol or biodiesel). 

Zhu, Q.L., Shao, R., et al., 2014. An integrated approach for obtaining biodieseL sterols, gossypol, and raffinose from cottonseed on a biorefinery concept. Energy 70, 149—158. 

Biodiesel is currently produced mainly from oilseeds leading to the generation of sig-nificant quantities of by-product streams, namely cmde glycerol (10% w/w) and oilseed meals. These by-product streams could be recycled for the production of SCO-derived biodiesel through integrated bioprocesses employing a biorefinery approach. 

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