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Integrals in reactor design

A.l Useful Integrals in Reactor Design 921 A.2 Equal-Area Graphical Differentiation 922 A.3 Solutions to Differential Equations 924 A.4 Numerical Evaluation of Integrals 924 A.5 Software Packages 926 ... [Pg.9]

Heat Integration in Reactor Design. As mentioned in the chapter one of the reasons for the success and efficiency of FCC units is the heat integration. The example cited was that the carbon (coke) birnied off the catalyst in the regenerator is used to preheat the catalyst since this is a highly exothermic reaction. If the heat of combustion of carbon can be described as... [Pg.357]

The first consideration in any design and optimization problem is to decide the boundaries of the system. A reactor can rarely be optimized without considering the upstream and downstream processes connected to it. Chapter 6 attempts to integrate the reactor design concepts of Chapters 1-5 with process economics. The goal is an optimized process design that includes the costs of product recovery, in-process recycling, and by-product disposition. The reactions are... [Pg.187]

Since enthalpy is a state variable, the integral on the right side of equation 10.2.6 is independent of the path of integration, and it is possible to rewrite this equation in a variety of forms that are more convenient for use in reactor design analyses. One may evaluate this integral by allowing the reaction to proceed isothermally at the initial temperature from extent 0 to extent and then heating the final product mixture at constant pressure and composition from the initial temperature to the final temperature. [Pg.352]

The rate of reaction plays the same role in reactor design that the product of-the overall heat-transfer coefficient XJ and the temperature difference AT plays in sizing heat-transfer equipment. Thus the numerical value of the integrals in Eqs. (3-10), (3-13), and (3-14) represents the degree of difficulty of the job to be done—whether it be chemical conversion or heat... [Pg.112]

The difficulty in integrating Eqs. (3-10) and (4-2) depends on the number of variables influencing the rate of reaction. For example, if the rate of formation of the desired product depends on only one irreversible reaction, the expression for r will be simpler than if reversible or multiple reactions are involved. The integration of Eq. (4-2) for various reaction networks under constant-temperature conditions was considered in Chap. 2. At that point the objective was determination of the rate constant k. In reactor design the situation is reversed k, and hence r, is known, and it is the time necessary to obtain a given conversion that is required. [Pg.132]

LOCA (secondary) frequency for severe vessel leaks and ruptures - primary loop largely integrated in reactor pool limits LOCA effects on core and fuel - wet motor RCPs eliminates small LOCAs due to shaft seal failure - not important - simplifieations and improved materials reduce initiator frequency - increased design margins reduee initiator frequency ... [Pg.246]

Special needs and features in plant operation will, of course, require adjustments in reactor design. The reforming reactors used for autonomous power plants will have to be more compact. They will often be integrated into the fuel cell plant itself, forming indirect reforming fuel cells (IR-FCs). Through coordination and optimization of the heat flows in the reactor and fuel cells, a marked weight... [Pg.196]

Many points important in reactor design have not been discussed. Nothing has been said about selection of materials of construction, mechanical construction, instrumentation and process control, integration of heat recovery into the overall plant energy system, etc. But it is hoped that the paper will anyhow give an idea about the complexity of the problems encountered in the reactor design and about the solutions which are applied in order to obtain satisfactory results in industrial practice. [Pg.818]

The design equation must be integrated in order to solve problems in reactor design and analysis. In order to actually perform the integration, the temperature must be known as a function of either time or composition. This is because the rate equation r,- contains one or more constants that depend on temperature. [Pg.42]

Commercial or production reactors for heterogeneous catalytic processes are versions of the so-called integral reactors, so the fundamental process of design is integration. In particular, the necessary catalyst-filled reactor volume must be calculated that will give a desired production rate. This then includes finding conditions to achieve the desired production, at a certain selectivity and minimal operating costs and investment, to maximize the return on investment. [Pg.163]

Surface-modified electrodes were used for prevention of high overpotentials with direct oxidation or reduction of the cofactor, electrode fouling, and dimerization of the cofactor [7cj. Membrane electrochemical reactors were designed. The regeneration of the cofactor NADH was ensured electrochemically, using a rhodium complex as electrochemical mediator. A semipermeable membrane (dialysis or ultrafiltration) was integrated in the filter-press electrochemical reactor to confine... [Pg.198]

Closely related to challenges in process integration are those in reactor engineering and design. Research in this area is important if we... [Pg.66]

Example 4.2 used the method of false transients to solve a steady-state reactor design problem. The method can also be used to find the equilibrium concentrations resulting from a set of batch chemical reactions. To do this, formulate the ODEs for a batch reactor and integrate until the concentrations stop changing. This is illustrated in Problem 4.6(b). Section 11.1.1 shows how the method of false transients can be used to determine physical or chemical equilibria in multiphase systems. [Pg.123]

The hnal step in the design calculations for a laminar flow reactor is determination of mixing-cup averages based on Equation (8.4). The trapezoidal rule is recommended for this numerical integration because it is easy to implement and because it converges O(Ar ) in keeping with the rest of the calculations. [Pg.277]

An example of integrated heat-transfer modehng and reactor design is shown in Figure 11.6. A predicted thermal profile for the reactor section of a combined reactor-heat exchanger is the solid line, while the discrete points are experimentally measured temperatures along the reactor length. The thermal profile is controlled... [Pg.246]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.1009 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.649 ]




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