Design process, optimal

However, the efficiency of actual biotechnological application depends on its design, process optimization, and cost minimization. Many failures have been reported on the way from bench laboratory-scale to field full-scale biotechnological treatment because of variability, instability, diversity, and heterogeneity of both microbial properties and conditions in the treatment system [10]. 

Keywords Crystallization, Process synthesis, Task based design. Process optimization. 

Substrate synthesis, reaction parameters, enantioenrichment via biocatalysis, catalyst handling, economic considerations Catalyst screening, substrate design, process optimization, application of Josiphos ligands, ligand synthesis, scale-up Production considerations, comparison with classical methods... 

The induction time of a polymer is a very useful quantity in process design, process optimization, and troubleshooting. It represents the amount of time elapsed at a certain temperature and in a certain atmosphere before the effects of degradation become measurable. Essentially, the induction time indicates how long a polymer can be exposed to a certain temperature before it starts to degrade. 

The impact that the design of a plant has on its ability to be satisfactorily controlled has motivated the development of systematic approaches to account for dynamic performance during the design process. Optimization-based approaches permit the plant design and operability criteria to be handled within a single framework, and they offer considerable flexibility in the problem definition. A caveat is that the type of control system needs to be specified, whieh needs to be borne in mind when results are interpreted. A key argument advanced in the IMC approach to... 

No attempt should be made to optimize pressure, reflux ratio, or feed condition of distillation in the early stages of design. The optimal values almost certainly will change later once heat integration with the overall process is considered. 

Preliminary process optimization. Dominant process variables such as reactor conversion can have a major influence on the design. Preliminary optimization of these dominant variables is often required. 

To evaluate design options and carry out preliminary process optimization, simple economic criteria are required. What happens to the revenue from product sales after the process has been commissioned The sales revenue first pays for fixed costs which are independent of the rate of production. Variable costs, which do depend on the rate of production, also must be met. After this, taxes are deducted to leave the net profit. 

In order to design and optimize anisotropic dry etching processes, severai issues must be understood ... 

A future goal for the integration of graphics and process design simulators is to be able to use an interactive graphics program to prepare the input to the process simulator. This capabiHty would allow tme on-line process modification, flow-sheet optimization, and process optimization, and is likely to be one of the key developments in this field in the 1990s (99). 

Spreadsheet Applications. The types of appHcations handled with spreadsheets are a microcosm of the types of problems and situations handled with fuU-blown appHcation programs that are mn on microcomputers, minis, and mainframes and include engineering computations, process simulation, equipment design and rating, process optimization, reactor kinetics—design, cost estimation, feedback control, data analysis, and unsteady-state simulation (eg, batch distillation optimization). 

Extensive design and optimization studies have been carried out for this sequence (108). The principal optimization variables, ie, the design variables that have the largest impact on the economics of the process, are the redux ratio in the azeo-column the position of the tie-line for the mixture in the decanter, determined by the temperature and overall composition of the mixture in the decanter the position of the decanter composition on the decanter tie-line (see Reference 104 for a discussion of the importance of these variables) and the distillate composition from the entrainer recovery column. 

While process design and equipment specification are usually performed prior to the implementation of the process, optimization of operating conditions is carried out monthly, weekly, daily, hourly, or even eveiy minute. Optimization of plant operations determines the set points for each unit at the temperatures, pressures, and flow rates that are the best in some sense. For example, the selection of the percentage of excess air in a process heater is quite critical and involves a balance on the fuel-air ratio to assure complete combustion and at the same time make the maximum use of the Heating potential of the fuel. Typical day-to-day optimization in a plant minimizes steam consumption or cooling water consumption, optimizes the reflux ratio in a distillation column, or allocates raw materials on an economic basis [Latour, Hydro Proc., 58(6), 73, 1979, and Hydro. Proc., 58(7), 219, 1979]. 

MaccI ), S., Odele, O., and Omatsone, O. (1990). Design of optimal solvents for liquid-li extraction and gas absorption processes, Trans Inst. Chem. Eng., 68(A), 429-4... 

Some of the essential attributes of the laminate design process with optimization concepts were described in general terms. The process is indeterminate, unlike that for a metal plate. An iterative procedure must be used to guide a design toward satisfaction of the design requirements. 

The purification of value-added pharmaceuticals in the past required multiple chromatographic steps for batch purification processes. The design and optimization of these processes were often cumbersome and the operations were fundamentally complex. Individual batch processes requires optimization between chromatographic efficiency and enantioselectivity, which results in major economic ramifications. An additional problem was the extremely short time for development of the purification process. Commercial constraints demand that the time interval between non-optimized laboratory bench purification and the first process-scale production for clinical trials are kept to a minimum. Therefore, rapid process design and optimization methods based on computer aided simulation of an SMB process will assist at this stage. 

Young, J. E., et al., Materials Processes Optimize Design, Marcel Dekker, 1985. 

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