Intact plant Interaction

Dietary fiber is a mixture of simple and complex polysaccharides and lignin. In intact plant tissue these components are organized into a complex matrix, which is not completely understood. The physical and chemical interactions that sustain this matrix affect its physicochemical properties and probably its physiological effects. Several of the polysaccharides classified as soluble fiber are soluble only after they have been extracted under fairly rigorous conditions. 

The use of hairy roots for the production of biopharmaceuticals has been studied extensively and has been discussed in Chapter 1 of this book. To date, over 116 different plant species have been induced to produce hairy roots in culture (Guillon, 2006). Originally, an expression system was developed for protein production based on the natural secretion from roots of intact plants. In order to take up nutrients from the soil, interact with other soil organisms, and defend themselves against numerous pathogens, plant roots have developed sophisticated mechanisms based upon... 

The first plant product commercially produced by plant cell culture was the prenylated anthraquinone shikonin 16, from the boraginaceous plant Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc. (Mitsui Petrochemical Industry Company) in 1983.25 Shikonin is used as a dye in cosmetics (lipsticks, soaps and lotions) and its production yield from cell cultures was over ten-fold its isolation yield from the intact plant.25 In practice, eight runs of two weeks each in a 200 L bioreactor could afford the amount of shikonin produced in four years by a 1 ha field of L. erythrorhizon 25 Shikonin has an interesting and pleiotropic biological profile, which includes insulin mimicry and interference with protein-protein interactions, but it has not yet found medicinal application.26... 

D also Interacts with lAA to reverse glyphosate growth Inhibition In tissue cultures (l i, 1701. but not In Intact plants (121) Extractable PAL activity In soybean seedlings was Inhibited by 2,4-D (1711 and 2,4-D lowered PAL activity Increases caused by glyphosate (1711. The herbicide has also been examined for Interactions of Induction and secretion of pathogenesis-related proteins In tobacco suspension cultures (1721. 

Chlorophyllase is an intrinsic membrane glycoprotein situated in the thylakoid membrane (Terpstra, 1981). It does not normally interact with its chlorophyll substrate, although chlorophyll is situated in the same membrane. In intact plant tissue, chlorophyllase is kept in an inactive and stable conformation by the adjacent lipids of the thylakoid membrane (Lambers and Terpstra, 1985). In order to activate chlorophyllase, a substantial disruption of the thylakoid membrane has to... 

In additional tests, the suppressor activities of pectins in the intact host/pathogen-interaction were investigated by injecting genetically resistant plants with pectic substances prior to inoculation with the rust fungus. Infected leaves were harvested, cleared, and stained with Calcofluor one week after inoculation, and fungal growth was assessed under the UV-epifluorescence microscope. 

H. Marschner, V. Romheld, and M. Kissel, Localization of phytosiderophore release and of iron uptake along intact barley roots. Physiol. Planta. 77 157 (1987). V. Romheld, The role of phytosiderophores for acquisition of iron and other micronutrients in graminaceous species An Ecological Approach Iron Nutrition and Interactions in Plants (Y Chen and Y Hadar, eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1991, pp. 159-166. 

Roshchina, V.V. and Mel nikova, E.V. (1999). Microspectrofluorimetry of intact secreting cells applied to allelopathy. In Principles and Practices in Plant Ecology Allelochemicals Interactions, (Eds., Inderjit, K.M.M.Dakshini, and C.L.Foy). Pp.99-126. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 

The visible fluorescence of intact living cells is called autofluorescence. If the cells treated with special fluorescent dyes, the cellular common fluorescence also includes the additional light emission. Autofluorescence could be used (i) in express-microanalysis of the accumulation of the secondary metabolites in secretory cells without long biochemical procedures (ii) in diagnostics of cellular damage and (iii) in analysis of cellcell interactions (Roshchina, 2003). During the plant development, secretory... 

Roshchina, V. V. and Melnikova, E. V. (1996). Microspectrofluorometry A new technique to study pollen allelopathy. Allelopathy Journal 3 51-58 Roshchina, V. V. and Melnikova, E. V. (1998). Allelopathy and plant generative cells Participation of acetylcholine and histamine in signaling interactions of pollen and pistil. Allelopathy Journal 5 171-182 Roshchina, V.V. and Melnikova, E. V. (1999). Microspectrofluorometry of intact secreting cells applied to allelopathy. ln Principles and Practices in Plant Ecology., Inderjit, K. M. M. Dakshini, and C. L. Foy (eds) pp. 99-126. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. 

Pohnert G, Jung V (2003) Intracellular compartmentation in the biosynthesis of caulerpenyne study on intact macroalgae using stable-isotope-labeled precursors. Org Lett 5 5091-5093 Potin P, Bouarab K, Salaun JP, Pohnert G, Kloareg B (2002) Biotic interactions of marine algae. Curr Opin Plant Biol 5 308-317... 

High-resolution 13C NMR studies have been conducted on intact cuticles from limes, suberized cell walls from potatoes, and insoluble residues that remain after chemical depolymerization treatments of these materials. Identification and quantitation of the major functional moieties in cutin and suberin have been accomplished with cross-polarization magic-angle spinning as well as direct polarization methods. Evidence for polyester crosslinks and details of the interactions among polyester, wax, and cell-wall components have come from a variety of spin-relaxation measurements. Structural models for these protective plant biopolymers have been evaluated in light of the NMR results. 

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