Insulin therapy mellitus type

DeWitt DE, Hirsch IB. Outpatient insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus Scientific review. IAMA 2003 289 2254-2264. 

In a post-marketing surveillance study of 1142 patients in whom acarbose was added to insulin therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus, HbAlc improved by 0.9% and there were 108 adverse effects in 6.9% of the patients (45). Most of the complaints were gastrointestinal (flatulence, abdominal pain, diarrhea) and more than half were reported in the first week of acarbose therapy. 

Jacqueminet S, Masseboeuf N, Rolland M, et al. Limitations of the so-called intensified insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab. 2005 31 4S45-4S50. 

Dewitt, Dawn E. and Hirsh, Irl B. (2003). Outpatient Insulin Therapy in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Scientific ReviewA Journal of the American Medical Association 289(17) 22 54-22 64. 

Type 1 diabetes mellitus For type 1 diabetes, as an adjunct treatment in patients who use mealtime insulin therapy and who have failed to achieve desired glucose control despite optimal insulin therapy. 

Hypersensitivity to sulfonylureas diabetes complicated by ketoacidosis, with or without coma sole therapy of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus diabetes when complicated by pregnancy. 

The other type of diabetes mellitus, type II, is far more common. In contrast, type II is not an autoimmune process and may or may not be insulin dependent that is, a diabetic state that is most effectively managed by insulin therapy. Frequently, NIDDM is used interchange-... 

Mudaliar S and Henry RR. New oral therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus The glitazones or insulin sensitizers. Annu Rev Med 2001 52 239-257. 

Mudaliar S et al New oral therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus The glitazones or insulin sensitizers. Annu Rev Med 2001 52 239. [PMID 11160777] Nathan DM et al Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus A consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy. Diabetes... 

Ratner RE et al Amylin replacement with pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy improves long term glycemic and weight control in type 1 diabetes mellitus A 1-year randomized controlled trial. Diabetic Med 2004 21 1204. [PMID 15498087]... 

First-line therapy for the control of hyperglycemia and its associated symptomatology in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type II) ... 

Gerstein HC, Rosenstock J. Insulin therapy in people who have dysglycemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus can it offer both cardiovascular protection and beta-cell preservation Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 2005 34 137-54. 

Kaneto H, Ikeda M, Kishimoto M, Iida M, Hoshi A, Watarai T, Kubota M, Kajimoto Y, Yamasaki Y, Hori M. Dramatic recovery of counter-regulatory hormone response to hypoglycaemia after intensive insulin therapy in poorly controlled type I diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1998 41(8) 982-3. 

Takaike H, Uchigata Y, Iwasaki N, Iwamoto Y. Transient elevation of liver transaminase after starting insulin therapy for diabetic acidosis or ketoacidosis in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2004 64 27-32. 

Hirsch IB. Intensifying insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Med. 2005 118(suppl 5A) 21S-26S. 

For the first time in history there was clear, unambiguous clinical evidence, in humans, that symptoms of diabetes mellitus could be controlled with the exogenous administration of the active factor of the pancreas—insulin. Thus, replacement therapy with the newly discovered hormone, insulin, had arrested what was clearly an otherwise fatal metabolic disorder. From that point forward, diabetes mellitus (type 1) became a manageable disease by pharmacological intervention. 

Diabetes mellitus ( sweet urine ) involves relative over-production of glucose by the liver and under-utilization by other organs. Diabetes is the most serious metabolic disease in terms of its social impact. Obesity and the indulgent Western diet correlates with mature age diabetes. Type 1 diabetes (juvenile diabetes) typically manifests at less than 20 years from autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic (3 cells. Type 1 diabetes is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and is fatal without exogenous insulin. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (mature age diabetes) occurs later in life and typically involves both deficient insulin production and insulin resistance , that is, the target cells are less responsive to insulin. Type 2 diabetes is initially non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) but insulin therapy (in addition to oral antidiabetics) may eventually be required. Hyperglycaemia due... 

Macrovascular Complications. The connection between high insulin levels (hyperinsulinemia), insulin resistance, and cardiovascular events incorrectly leads some clinicians to believe that insulin therapy may cause macrovascular complications. The UKPDS and DCCT found no differences in macrovascular outcomes with intensive insulin therapy. One study, the Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction study " reported reductions in mortality with insulin therapy. This group assessed the effect of an insulin-glucose infusion in type 2 DM patients who had experienced an acute myocardial infarction. Those randomized to insulin infusion followed by intensive insulin therapy lowered their absolute mortality risk by 11% over a mean follow-up period of approximately 3 years. This was most evident in subjects who were insulin-naive or had a low cardiovascular risk prior to the acute myocardial infarction. " ... 

Tolazamide, a sulfonylurea oral hypoglycemic agent (100 mg p.o. daily with breakfast), is indicated as an adjunct to diet to lower blood glucose levels in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type II), and it is indicated as a medication for switching patients from insulin to oral therapy (see Table 1). 

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