Instrumental neutron activation analysis, characterization

Williams-Thorpe, O., S. E. Warren, and J. G. Nandis (1997), Characterization of obsidian sources and artefacts from central and eastern Europe, using instrumental neutron activation analysis, in Korek, J. (ed.), Proc. Int. Conf. Lithic Raw Material Characterization, Budapest and Siimeg, 1996, Budapest. 

Descantes, C., Neff, H., Glascock, M. D., and Dickinson, W. R. (2001). Chemical characterization of Micronesian ceramics through instrumental neutron activation analysis a preliminary provenance study. Journal of Archaeological Science 28 1185-1190. 

Landsberger S, Jervis RE, Kajrys G, et al. 1983. Characterization of trace elemental pollutants in urban snow using proton induced x-ray emission and instrumental neutron activation analysis. Int J Environ Anal Chem 16 95-130. 

Forty-four of the 55 samples were chemically characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Thirty-seven of these samples were also characterized mineralogically by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Finally, 11 out of the 44 samples analyzed by XRD (4 specimens from La Cueva Pintada site and 7 from the San Francisco s convent) were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Additionally, 11 samples from San Francisco convent, which had an insufficient weight to be characterized by XRF, were analyzed by INAA as well. XRD analyses are now being conducted for the 18 samples not yet characterized. 

The following section focuses on the variability of the clay bodies or pastes of the glazed ceramics previously characterized by LA-ICP-MS and LA-TOF-ICP-MS. The purpose of this study is to compare the variation in the ceramic pastes with the different glaze decorative technologies through time. The variability in the ceramic pastes will be characterized through instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and petrographic analysis. 

Trace element compositions of airborne particles are important for determining sources and behavior of regional aerosol, as emissions from major sources are characterized by their elemental composition patterns. We have investigated airborne trace elements in a complex regional environment through application of receptor models. A subset (200) of fine fraction samples collected by Shaw and Paur (1,2) in the Ohio River Valley (ORV) and analyzed by x-ray fluorescence (XRF) were re-analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The combined data set, XRF plus INAA, was subjected to receptor-model interpretations, including chemical mass balances (CMBs) and factor analysis (FA). Back trajectories of air masses were calculated for each sampling period and used with XRF data to select samples to be analyzed by INAA. 

To show that REE and other trace elements could be used to characterize soapstone formations, it was necessary to show that variations between geologic bodies were greater than those for soapstone samples found within the formation. For these studies instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was used because of its sensitivity and preci-... 

Grffnbfrg RR (1986), Elemental characterization of the National Bureau of Standards Milk Powder Standard Reference Material by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Anal Chem 58 2511-2516. 

A variety of analytic techniques currently are used to provide chemical characterizations of archaeological materials. These techniques which include instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission )ectroscopy (ICP-AES), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-... 

Other major shale constituents such as C, H, N, and S are determined by thermal decomposition and instrumental detection methods. Oxygen is determined by 14 MeV neutron activation analysis. Parr or Leco BTU bomb combustion and subsequent ion chromatographic determination is used for halogens, sulfate and nitrate. Ion chromatography is also suitable for anionic characterization of shale process waters. Two analytical procedures for oil shales should be used with caution. Kjeldahl nitrogen procedure has been found to give reproducible but considerably low results for certain oil... 

The safe and verifiable disposition, either by incineration or chemical neutralization of chemical warfare (CW) agents requires correct a priori identification of each munition or container to be processed. A variety of NDE techniques have been used or tested for the examination and characterization of munitions.[l,2] In the U.S., three widely used techniques are X-ray radiography, acoustic resonance spectroscopy (ARS), and prompt gamma ray neutron activation analysis (PINS). The technical bases, instrumental implementations, and applications of the U.S. versions of these methods are briefly discussed. 

A review of many types of instrumental analysis used for the characterization of gunshot residues has appeared recently. This includes descriptions of the use of atomic absorption spectroscopy, neutron activation analysis and X-ray fluorescence as well as various mass spectrometry techniques after preconcentration of analytes using separation methods such as HPLC and capillary electrophoresis. In addition, atomic absorption spectroscopy has been used to characterize the brass used in different production lots of cartridge cases. 

The section Analysis starts with elemental composition of the compound. Thus the composition of any compound can be determined from its elemental analysis, particularly the metal content. For practically all metal salts, atomic absorption and emission spectrophotometric methods are favored in this text for measuring metal content. Also, some other instrumental techniques such as x-ray fluorescence, x-ray diffraction, and neutron activation analyses are suggested. Many refractory substances and also a number of salts can be characterized nondestructively by x-ray methods. Anions can be measured in aqueous solutions by ion chromatography, ion-selective electrodes, titration, and colorimetric reactions. Water of crystallization can be measured by simple gravimetry or thermogravimetric analysis. 

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