Insects grain beetles

Vanderwel D., Pierce H. D. Jr, Oehlschlager A. C., Borden J. H. and Pierce A. M. (1990) Macrolide (Cucujolide) biosynthesis in the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus I. Insect Biochem. 20, 567-572. 

Vanderwel D., Johnston B. and Oehlschlager A. C. (1992b) Cucujolide biosynthesis in the merchant and rusty grain beetles. Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 22, 875-883. 

Certain Insects such as the Indian meal moth (Plodla Interpunctella) and saw tooth grain beetle (Oryzaephllus surlnamensls) Infest dried fruits. It seems reasonable that... 

Currently there are few insecticides registered as surface treatments to control stored-product insects. For years the organophosphate insecticide malathion was used as a surface treatment for structural facilities, but stored-product insects throughout the world have developed extensive resistance to malathion (Subramanyam and Hagstrum, 1996). Most of the resistance reports were generated from studies with bulk grains, but in the United States, resistance has been documented for field populations of the red flour beetle, T. castaneum (Herbst), and the confused flour beetle, T. confusum (DuVal), collected from flour mills (Arthur and Zettler, 1991, 1992 Zettler, 1991). Populations of the Indianmeal moth, the almond moth, and the red flour beetle collected from bulk peanuts and empty warehouses were also highly resistant to malathion (Arthur et al., 1988 Halliday et al., 1988). 

Insect pest infestation causes losses in quantity and quality of food commodities and changes in chemical composition, affecting the nutritive value of the produce (Howe, 1965 Scott, 1991 Swaminathan, 1977). Insect activity also leads to contamination of the produce (Table II). The flour beetles (Tribolium spp.) contaminate foodstuffs with their secretions, which contain 2-ethyl 1,4-benzoquinone and 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone. T. castaneum quinone secretions not only impart off-odors to food commodities but are also considered to cause liver and spleen tumors in mice (El-Mofty et al., 1992). However, Hodges et al. (1996) demonstrated that unlike in wheat flour, the accumulation of quinone secretions of T. castaneum adults in rice was negligible at less than 1 ppm, and hence, they claimed that T. castaneum infestation in rice is not likely to be a health risk. Males of R. dominica secrete aggregation pheromones (dominicalures) that contribute to the characteristic sweetish or musty odor in grain infested with R. dominica (Khorramshahi and Burkholder, 1981). However, Seitz and Sauer (1996)... 

Several clues indicate the presence of insect infestation in stored foods (Table IV). The presence of eggs of pulse beetles such as Callosobruchus spp. can be easily seen in infested pulses with the naked eye. Similarly, the exit holes of internal infesters such as Sitophilus spp., R. dominica, Proste-phanus truncatus, and S. cerealella are clearly visible in infested food grains. In the case of khapra beetle (T. granarium) infestation, the exuviae of the larvae are indicators of the presence of the pest. Infestation by moth pests including E. cautella, Plodia interpunctella, and Corcyra cephalonica is... 

Why is it important to recognize the specific type of insect that is infesting stored grains How can you differentiate a red flour beetle from a confused beetle ... 

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