Inorganic templating

Bi-phasic porous silicates containing amorphous and crystalline components can be prepared as stable pellets even if different crystallization routes known from the conventional crystallization processes are employed. Thus the inorganic template-free crystallization route and the crystallization in presence of propylamine could be applied and optimized for the crystallization on and into porous glasses, the so-called supported crystallization. 

Inorganic templating and self-assembly provide coordination compounds whose geometries make possible the synthesis of complex structures, namely of cyclic multiporphyrin arrays [9.13a, 9.179], of inorganic rotaxanes [9.97a, 9.180], of multi-catenates and catenands (see 181) [8.281, 8.282] and even of molecular knots (see 182) [8.282, 9.77, 9.181] (in 181 and 182 a) with, b) without Cu(l) template). 

Figure 3.2 Two steps in the synthesis of the ZSM-5 zeolite (a) template-inorganic precursor interaction and (b) periodic repetition of the inorganic template-solid hybrid, source of the crystalline framework.

The physical and chemical activation processes have been generally employed to prepare the porous carbons.18"35 However, the pore structures are not easily controlled by the activation processes and the size of the pores generated by the activation processes is limited to the micropore range only. Recently, much attention has been paid to the synthesis of meso/macroporous carbons with various pore structures and pore size distributions (PSD) by using various types of such inorganic templates as silica materials and zeolites.17,36 55... 

The meso/macroporous carbons have attracted much attention in their application as electrode materials in EDLCs, since the meso/macropores promote the formation of an effective doublelayer or the transfer of ions into the pores, resulting in the increases in the electrolyte wettability and the rate capability.67,68 In this regard, there has been considerable research targeted towards developing the synthetic methods of novel meso/macroporous carbons.17,36"55,69 72 Various types of such inorganic templates as silica materials and zeolites are widely used for the synthesis of the meso/macroporous carbons, since it was revealed17,36"55 that these inorganic templates contribute to the formation of the meso/macropores with various pore structures and broad PSD. 

Among the inorganic templates, zeolite produces more regulated pores as compared to the silica template. If nano-channels in zeolite are completely filled with carbonaceous precursor and then the carbon materials are extracted from the zeolite framework, one can obtain the porous carbon of which structure reflects the porosity of the original zeolite template. The ordered mesoporous silica templates, e.g., MCM-4 838,39,47 and SBA-1547 have been employed to prepare the ordered porous carbons by the procedures involving the pore filling of the silica template with carbonaceous precursor followed by carbonization and silica dissolution. The resulting pore sizes of the ordered mesoporous carbons are smaller than about 10 nm. 

The intriguing process of induction (and subsequent transfer and amplification) of chirality from organic or inorganic templates to achiral porphyrin aggregates has been in the focus of our interests for more than a decade. Our studies concern exploitation of the electrostatic interactions as tools to build non-covalent aggregates and have been carried out in aqueous solution. 

Mesoporous melamine-formaldehyde and phenolic-formaldehyde resins were synthesized in the process of polymerization in the presence of fumed silica as an inorganic template. The surface and structural characteristics of the obtained sorbents were investigated using XPS technique and sorption from gas phase. The parameters characterizing porous structure of the synthesized resins in a dry state were determined from nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms. The sorption processes of benzene and water vapor accompanied by simultaneous swelling of both polymers were also studied. 

Method for synthesis of monodisperse spherical-like manganese carbonate (MnCOs) particles by colloidal aggregation process is developed. Hollow polyelectrolyte capsules have been prepared by means of layer-by-layer absorption of charged polyelectrolytes on microsized MnCOs particles with the subsequent decomposition of a micrometer nucleus. The use of inorganic templates is a way for clean capsules fabrication. The manganese carbonate particles and capsules obtained were investigated by SEM, SFM, XRD, and confocal fluorescent microscopy. 

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