Inorganic electrochemical method

Making of Inorganic Materials by Electrochemical Methods 6.2.1.3 Electrodeposition of less noble elements... 

A process involving water electrolysis is the production of heavy water. During cathodic polarization the relative rates of deuterium discharge and evolution are lower than those of the normal hydrogen isotope. Hence, during electrolysis the solution is enriched in heavy water. When the process is performed repeatedly, water with a D2O content of up to 99.7% can be produced. Electrochemical methods are also used widely in the manufacture of a variety of other inorganic and organic substances. 

Crompton [21] has reviewed the use of electrochemical methods in the determination of phenolic and amine antioxidants, organic peroxides, organotin heat stabilisers, metallic stearates and some inorganic anions (such as bromide, iodide and thiocyanate) in the 1950s/1960s (Table 8.75). The electrochemical detector is generally operated in tandem with a universal, nonselective detector, so that a more general sample analysis can be obtained than is possible with the electrochemical detector alone. 

ZnO-based organic (eosin) inorganic hybrid semiconductor compounds have been grown heteroepitaxially in one step at low temperature by a simple electrochemical method from an oxygenated zinc chloride aqueous solution [163]. 

Ion chromatography (1C) is a separation technique related to HPLC. However, because it has so many aspects such as the principle of separation and detection methods, it requires special attention. The mobile phase is usually composed of an aqueous ionic medium and the stationary phase is a solid used to conduct ion exchange. Besides the detection modes based on absorbance and fluorescence, which are identical to those used in HPLC, ion chromatography also uses electrochemical methods based on the presence of ions in a solution. The applications of ion chromatography extend beyond the measurement of cations and anions that initially contributed to the success of the technique. One can measure organic or inorganic species as long as they are polar. 

Many other applications of electrochemical methods for chemical characterization are presented in the following chapters. The state of utilization is such that for many research groups in the fields of organic chemistry and inorganic chemistry, electrochemistry has become a characterization tool as essential as infrared and NMR spectroscopy. This is quickly becoming true for several areas of biochemistry, especially enzymology. 

To date the most extensive application of electrochemical methods with controlled potential has been in the area of qualitative and quantitative analysis. Because a number of monographs have more than adequately reviewed the literature and outlined the conditions for specific applications, this material is not covered here. In particular, inorganic applications of polarography and... 

Abstract. The work demonstrates a principle possibility to produce the films of fullerenes and fullerene-containing products from their solutions by the electrochemical method. Electrical properties of fullerene solutions have been studied. The proposed method can be used for the special-purpose application of fullerene-containing coatings and for synthesis of fullerene compounds with organic and inorganic substances. 

The proposed technique can be also used for the synthesis of fullerene compounds with different organic and inorganic substances by the electrochemical method. 

Refs. [i] Parsons R (1974) Pure Appl Chem 37 503 [ii] Inzelt G (2006) Standard potentials. In Bard AJ, Stratmann M, Scholz F, Pickett Cf (eds) Inorganic electrochemistry. Encyclopedia of electrochemistry, vol. 7a. Wiley, Weinheim, chap 1 [in] Bard AJ, Faulkner LR (2001) Electrochemical methods, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, chap 2, pp 52-53 [iv] Scholz F (2002) Thermodynamics of electrochemical reactions. In Scholz F (ed) Electroanalytical methods. Springer, Berlin... 

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