Inorganic chemical oxidation

Technology Description Oxidation processes involve the conversion of organics to CO2, H2O, HCl, NO2 and SO3 or the conversion of inorganics to a more desirable form. For both organic and inorganic wastes, the function of chemical oxidation is to... 

Industrial use of HCl gas for the manufacture of inorganic chemicals includes the preparation of anhydrous NH4CI by direct reaction with NH3 and the synthesis of anhydrous metal chlorides by reaction with appropriate carbides, nitrides, oxides or even the free metals themselves, e,g, ... 

The sunblocks zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and iron oxide are inorganic chemicals that are not absorbed into the skin. These substances consist of opaque particles that reflect both visible and ultraviolet light. In addition, zinc oxide blocks virtually the entire UVA and UVB spectrum and thus offers overall protection. The particulate nature of these sunblocks enhances their effectiveness at reflecting sunlight. The smaller the particle size, the greater the surface area available for reflection, and the more effective the sun protection offered by the formulation. 

Fig. 12.13 SEM micrographs and EDX spectra of the SGA-Ca surface before and after soaking in SBF. The EDX spectra clearly show the evolution of the inorganic chemical composition on the surface from silicon and calcium oxide to a calcium phosphate.

Bertsch-Frank, B., Dorfer, A., Goor, G., and Suss, H. U., in Industrial Inorganic Chemicals Production and Use, Thompson, R., Ed., Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1995, 176. Goor, G., in Catalytic Oxidations with Hydrogen Peroxide as Oxidant, Stmkul, G., Ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, England, 1993, 13. 

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are a range of water treatments which involve the in situ formation of radicals, particularly hydroxyl radicals, in sufficient quantity to affect chemical or biological contaminants. These include ultrasonic and ultraviolet irradiation but they are sometimes ineffective for the remediation of water which contains a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds. Chemical oxidants can be used to add additional oxidising power to such processes and ozone in conjunction with ultrasound is one such option [31]. 

Table 6.2 shows the important applications of sodium hydroxide. Direct applications can be further broken down into pulp and paper (24%), soaps and detergents (10%), alumina (6%), petroleum (7%), textiles (5%), water treatment (5%), and miscellaneous (43%). Organic chemicals manufactured with sodium hydroxide are propylene oxide (23%), polycarbonate (5%), ethyleneamines (3%), epoxy resins (3%), and miscellaneous (66%). Inorganic chemicals manufactured are sodium and calcium hypochlorite (24%), sodium cyanide (10%), sulfur compounds (14%), and miscellaneous (52%). As you can see from the number of applications listed, and still the high percentages of miscellaneous uses, sodium hydroxide has a very diverse use profile. It is the chief industrial alkali. 

Dunford, R., Salinaro, A., Cai, L., Serpone, N., Horikoshi, S., Hidaka, H. and Knowland, J. (1997) Chemical oxidation and DNA damage catalysed by inorganic sunscreen ingredients. FEBS Letters, 418, 87-90. 

Based on cp-AFM evidence for the simple case of an n-alkanethiolate/Au SAM, the M structures show no evidence for penetration of metal to form conducting filaments that can cause shorts. The resultant junctions, however, do show extensive formation of reaction product layers with complex chemical compositions which may lead to unfavorable characteristics for molecular device operation. Indeed, in recent reports the use of Ti deposition on LB films, which contain water and inorganic salts at the bottom Pt electrode/LB film interface, leads to formation of inorganic titanium oxide type species in the junction but these complex inorganic layers have also been reported to impart fortuitously quite useful device... 

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