Inorganic and Organometallic Species

One of the most exploited procedures is the complexation of metal ions. When a ligand bears a chromophore, a favorable side effect of this procedure is that sensitivity with conventional detection UV-Vis can be improved [2]. Speciation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in waters relied on the pre-complexation of Cr(III) with EDTA and IPC-ICP (inductively coupled plasma)-MS separation of the negatively charged chromium species in less than 2 minutes using a tetrabutylammonium IPR [3]. 

IPC-ICP-MS was extensively explored for the speciation of phosphorus, arsenic, selenium, cadmium, mercury, and chromium compounds [4-17] because it provides specific and sensitive element detection. Selenium IPC speciation took also advantage of coupling with atomic fluorescent spectrometry via an interface in which all selenium species are reduced by thiourea before conventional hydride generation 

Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology 

Complex formation is useful for metal speciation and also for the separation of diverse metal ions. Among a variety of complexing reagents [20-22] cyanide is probably the most important. IPC separation of metal ions as metallocyanide complexes with a suitable cationic IPR is a reliable technique [23]. Complexation of trace level lanthanides with a-hydroxy isobutyric acid and separation under IPC condition shortened analysis time from days to minutes [24]. Flow injection was successfully coupled to IPC to simplify batch precomplexation detection limits were at sub-microgram per liter levels [2]. 

Separations of common inorganic anions were carried out on three different surfactant-coated columns converted into anion exchange stationary phases by equilibration with cationic surfactants [26]. Several polarizable anions were analyzed under IPC conditions via sulfonium and phosphonium IPRs that showed distinct selectivity toward the anions based on the chaotropic or kosmotropic attitudes of both the anion and the IPR [27]. 

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Activation of Hydrogen Peroxide in the Presence of Inorganic and Organometallic Species... 

Arsenic can exist in several oxidation states, as both inorganic and organometallic species, and in dissolved and gaseous phases (Table I). Dissolved arsenic species can adsorb to suspended solids and be carried down to the sediments in an aquatic system. Since gaseous arsenic compounds can form, arsenic can be removed from the sediments as dissolved gas or in gas bubbles (e.g. CH ). Thus, arsenic can cycle within aquatic ecosystems and this cyclic behavior has been reviewed by Ferguson and Gavis (1 ) and Woolson 2). In any given system, it is necessary to understand the behavior of a variety of different arsenic compounds as well as a variety of environmental compartments in order to totally characterize the cyclic behavior of this element. 

Lead, widely distributed as metallic lead, inorganic and organometallic species, has a number of toxic effects, including inhibition of the synthesis of hemoglobin and adversely effects on central and peripheral nervous systems and kidneys. 

There is a broad range of analytical methods available for selenium and its inorganic and organometallic species. These methods have been reviewed by several authors during the past two to three decades (e.g., Nazarenko and Ermakov 1972, Bern 1981, Raptis et al. 1983, Ihnat 1992, Thomassen et al. 1994, Alaejos and Romero 1995). In publications dealing with selenium in general methods for selenium and selenium compounds were also mentioned (e.g.. Cooper 1974, Glover et al. 1979, Robberecht... 

This chapter takes a critical look at new publications relating to pure nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy for inorganic and organometallic species, up to the end of 2011. 

Ei/2 values are now most generally reported at room temperature (whatever that is) but earlier measurements were often made using the thermodynamically standard temperature of 25 °C. Low temperature values of E1/2 have also been reported for a variety of inorganic and organometallic species. This is generally the case when a coupled chemical reaction is involved and when reversible E1/2 values are needed to characterize a given redox couple in the absence of associated chemistry which might render the overall process irreversible. 

Ionic liquids possess a variety of properties that make them desirable as solvents for investigation of electrochemical processes. They often have wide electrochemical potential windows, they have reasonably good electrical conductivity and solvent transport properties, they have wide liquid ranges, and they are able to solvate a wide variety of inorganic, organic, and organometallic species. The liquid ranges of ionic liquids have been discussed in Section 3.1 and their solubility and solvation in... 

Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) of inorganic and organometallic compounds, 18 273-276 Gaseous hydroxides, 5 215-258 dimerization of, 5 224 mass spectrometric study of, 5 220-225 metalic, 5 220 nonmetallic, 5 217-220 study of in oxyhydrogen flame, 5 225-226 types of, 5 215-217 Gases, see also specific substances high ternperamre species from, 14 137-139 thermal decomposition of, 17 90-93 Gas phase electron resonance spectra, of sulfur and selenium fluorides, 24 190... 

The extraordinary variety of transient species pertinent to organic, inorganic, and organometallic chemistry and biochemistry that were generated by collisional neutralization of cations and anions and characterized by NRMS is perhaps the best evidence of the power and generality of this approach to solving difficult and tantalizing chemical problems. The future developments in this... 

Before ESMS could be applied on a broad scale to explore novel solution-phase species in inorganic and organometallic systems, it was mandatory to prove that the method produces ions in the gas phase that faithfully reflect the species present in the electrosprayed solution. Electrospray mass spectra of tetraalkylam-monium ions, among the simplest of inorganic cations, were already reported by Yamashita and Fenn in their first electrospray publications [ 15,16]. Rafaelli and Bruins confirmed the relative ease of observing tetraalkylammonium cations by ESMS under a variety of conditions and in different solvents [35]. 

Parenthetically, the discovery of 118, and of some other surface species bound in ways no molecular complex shows, should make inorganic and organometallic chemists read the surface literature not only to find references with which to decorate grant applications. The surface-cluster analogy, of course, is a two-way street. So far, it has been used largely to... 

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