Inhaleables advantages

Patient inhalation Advantages No need to coordinate aerosol generation with patient inhalation Device is generally very simple in many eases, no moving parts are involved in powder deagglomeration... 

Desflurane is less potent than the other fluorinated anesthetics having MAC values of 5.7 to 8.9% in animals (76,85), and 6% to 7.25% in surgical patients. The respiratory effects are similar to isoflurane. Heart rate is somewhat increased and blood pressure decreased with increasing concentrations. Cardiac output remains fairly stable. Desflurane does not sensitize the myocardium to epinephrine relative to isoflurane (86). EEG effects are similar to isoflurane and muscle relaxation is satisfactory (87). Desflurane is not metabolized to any significant extent (88,89) as levels of fluoride ion in the semm and urine are not increased even after prolonged exposure. Desflurane appears to offer advantages over sevoflurane and other inhaled anesthetics because of its limited solubiHty in blood and other tissues. It is the least metabolized of current agents. 

In veterinary medicine, the Hst of inhalation anesthetics generally includes only two agents, halothane [151 -67-7] and methoxyflurane [76-38-0]. Although ether (ethyl ether) is used extensively in experimental work with laboratory animals, the risks associated with its use and the advantages of halothane and methoxyflurane have removed ether from general use by the practitioner. 

Salmeterol is also available in a fixed ratio combination product containing fluticasone, and a new drug application has been filed for a fixed combination product containing budesonide and formoterol. Combination products have the potential advantage of increasing patient adherence due to the decreased number of inhalers and inhalations however, these products offer less flexibility with respect to dosage adjustments when necessary. 

For some clinical purposes the volatility of organic nitrites is an advantage as it allows inhalation, but for physiological experimentation the volatility is a serious... 

Many inhalation exposure techniques, such as the whole-body, nose-only, mouth-only, or head-only technique (Drew and Laskin, 1973 MacFarland, 1976 Leong et al., 1981 Phalen, 1984 Nelson, 1980), the intranasal exposure technique (Elliott and DeYoung, 1970 Smith et ah, 1981), the endotracheal nebulization technique (Leong et ah, 1985, 1988 Schreck et ah, 1986), and the body plethysmographic techniques (Alarie, 1966 Thome and Karol, 1989), have been developed for inhalation toxicity studies. Table 10.2 provides a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of each of the major inhalation exposure methodologies. 

TABLE 10.2. Advantages, Disadvantages, and Considerations Associated with Patterns of Inhalation Exposure... 

Trichothecene mycotoxins are produced by a number of fungal molds of the Fusarium, Myrotecium, Trichoderma, and Stachybotrys genera. They inhibit protein synthesis, impair DNA synthesis, and interfere with cell membrane structures and functions. The potential routes of exposure are inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption. A terrorist may take advantage of any of these routes. 

On-demand Advantages Aerosol is delivered when patient ean inhale it most effectively Better dose eontrol... 

Homogeneous Advantages Little mouth and throat deposition patient does not feel inhaling an aerosol... 

In Table 3.3 some advantages and disadvantages of the use of dry powder inhalers are summarized. 

Table 3.3. Advantages and disadvantages of dry powder inhalers versus metered dose inhalers, partly from reference [14].

Even when the swallowed portion of an inhaled drug is absorbed in unchanged form, administration by this route has the advantage that drug concentrations at the bronchi will be higher than in other organs. 

They concluded that it did not seem appropriate to rely on one particular metastudy because the selection criteria used for different distributions all have advantages and disadvantages. In addition, they also concluded that the most relevant NOAEL ratios were those based on the same species, and that the most relevant distributions of NOAEL ratios were those that included a sufficient number of matched pairs of NOAELs from various species. Whether the distributions also apply to inhalation and dermal subchronic to chronic ratios was considered to be questionable as it might be possible that the influence of the exposure period on the toxicological effect depends on the route of exposure. 

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